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1 | package Exporter; |
2 | |
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3 | require 5.001; |
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4 | |
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5 | # |
6 | # We go to a lot of trouble not to 'require Carp' at file scope, |
7 | # because Carp requires Exporter, and something has to give. |
8 | # |
9 | |
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10 | $ExportLevel = 0; |
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11 | $Verbose = 0 unless $Verbose; |
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12 | |
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13 | sub export { |
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14 | |
15 | # First make import warnings look like they're coming from the "use". |
16 | local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub { |
17 | my $text = shift; |
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18 | if ($text =~ s/ at \S*Exporter.pm line \d+.*\n//) { |
19 | require Carp; |
20 | local $Carp::CarpLevel = 1; # ignore package calling us too. |
21 | Carp::carp($text); |
22 | } |
23 | else { |
24 | warn $text; |
25 | } |
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26 | }; |
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27 | local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub { |
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28 | require Carp; |
29 | local $Carp::CarpLevel = 1; # ignore package calling us too. |
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30 | Carp::croak("$_[0]Illegal null symbol in \@${1}::EXPORT") |
31 | if $_[0] =~ /^Unable to create sub named "(.*?)::"/; |
32 | }; |
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33 | |
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34 | my($pkg, $callpkg, @imports) = @_; |
35 | my($type, $sym, $oops); |
36 | *exports = *{"${pkg}::EXPORT"}; |
37 | |
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38 | if (@imports) { |
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39 | if (!%exports) { |
40 | grep(s/^&//, @exports); |
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41 | @exports{@exports} = (1) x @exports; |
42 | my $ok = \@{"${pkg}::EXPORT_OK"}; |
43 | if (@$ok) { |
44 | grep(s/^&//, @$ok); |
45 | @exports{@$ok} = (1) x @$ok; |
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46 | } |
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47 | } |
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48 | |
49 | if ($imports[0] =~ m#^[/!:]#){ |
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50 | my $tagsref = \%{"${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS"}; |
51 | my $tagdata; |
52 | my %imports; |
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53 | my($remove, $spec, @names, @allexports); |
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54 | # negated first item implies starting with default set: |
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55 | unshift @imports, ':DEFAULT' if $imports[0] =~ m/^!/; |
56 | foreach $spec (@imports){ |
57 | $remove = $spec =~ s/^!//; |
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58 | |
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59 | if ($spec =~ s/^://){ |
60 | if ($spec eq 'DEFAULT'){ |
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61 | @names = @exports; |
62 | } |
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63 | elsif ($tagdata = $tagsref->{$spec}) { |
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64 | @names = @$tagdata; |
65 | } |
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66 | else { |
67 | warn qq["$spec" is not defined in %${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS]; |
68 | ++$oops; |
69 | next; |
70 | } |
71 | } |
72 | elsif ($spec =~ m:^/(.*)/$:){ |
73 | my $patn = $1; |
74 | @allexports = keys %exports unless @allexports; # only do keys once |
75 | @names = grep(/$patn/, @allexports); # not anchored by default |
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76 | } |
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77 | else { |
78 | @names = ($spec); # is a normal symbol name |
79 | } |
80 | |
81 | warn "Import ".($remove ? "del":"add").": @names " |
82 | if $Verbose; |
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83 | |
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84 | if ($remove) { |
85 | foreach $sym (@names) { delete $imports{$sym} } |
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86 | } |
87 | else { |
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88 | @imports{@names} = (1) x @names; |
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89 | } |
90 | } |
91 | @imports = keys %imports; |
92 | } |
93 | |
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94 | foreach $sym (@imports) { |
95 | if (!$exports{$sym}) { |
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96 | if ($sym =~ m/^\d/) { |
97 | $pkg->require_version($sym); |
98 | # If the version number was the only thing specified |
99 | # then we should act as if nothing was specified: |
100 | if (@imports == 1) { |
101 | @imports = @exports; |
102 | last; |
103 | } |
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104 | # We need a way to emulate 'use Foo ()' but still |
105 | # allow an easy version check: "use Foo 1.23, ''"; |
106 | if (@imports == 2 and !$imports[1]) { |
107 | @imports = (); |
108 | last; |
109 | } |
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110 | } elsif ($sym !~ s/^&// || !$exports{$sym}) { |
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111 | require Carp; |
112 | Carp::carp(qq["$sym" is not exported by the $pkg module]); |
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113 | $oops++; |
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114 | } |
115 | } |
116 | } |
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117 | if ($oops) { |
118 | require Carp; |
119 | Carp::croak("Can't continue after import errors"); |
120 | } |
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121 | } |
122 | else { |
123 | @imports = @exports; |
124 | } |
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125 | |
126 | *fail = *{"${pkg}::EXPORT_FAIL"}; |
127 | if (@fail) { |
128 | if (!%fail) { |
129 | # Build cache of symbols. Optimise the lookup by adding |
130 | # barewords twice... both with and without a leading &. |
131 | # (Technique could be applied to %exports cache at cost of memory) |
132 | my @expanded = map { /^\w/ ? ($_, '&'.$_) : $_ } @fail; |
133 | warn "${pkg}::EXPORT_FAIL cached: @expanded" if $Verbose; |
134 | @fail{@expanded} = (1) x @expanded; |
135 | } |
136 | my @failed; |
137 | foreach $sym (@imports) { push(@failed, $sym) if $fail{$sym} } |
138 | if (@failed) { |
139 | @failed = $pkg->export_fail(@failed); |
140 | foreach $sym (@failed) { |
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141 | require Carp; |
142 | Carp::carp(qq["$sym" is not implemented by the $pkg module ], |
143 | "on this architecture"); |
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144 | } |
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145 | if (@failed) { |
146 | require Carp; |
147 | Carp::croak("Can't continue after import errors"); |
148 | } |
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149 | } |
150 | } |
151 | |
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152 | warn "Importing into $callpkg from $pkg: ", |
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153 | join(", ",sort @imports) if $Verbose; |
154 | |
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155 | foreach $sym (@imports) { |
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156 | # shortcut for the common case of no type character |
157 | (*{"${callpkg}::$sym"} = \&{"${pkg}::$sym"}, next) |
158 | unless $sym =~ s/^(\W)//; |
159 | $type = $1; |
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160 | *{"${callpkg}::$sym"} = |
161 | $type eq '&' ? \&{"${pkg}::$sym"} : |
162 | $type eq '$' ? \${"${pkg}::$sym"} : |
163 | $type eq '@' ? \@{"${pkg}::$sym"} : |
164 | $type eq '%' ? \%{"${pkg}::$sym"} : |
165 | $type eq '*' ? *{"${pkg}::$sym"} : |
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166 | do { require Carp; Carp::croak("Can't export symbol: $type$sym") }; |
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167 | } |
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168 | } |
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169 | |
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170 | sub export_to_level |
171 | { |
172 | my $pkg = shift; |
173 | my ($level, $junk) = (shift, shift); # need to get rid of first arg |
174 | # we know it already. |
175 | my $callpkg = caller($level); |
176 | $pkg->export($callpkg, @_); |
177 | } |
178 | |
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179 | sub import { |
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180 | my $pkg = shift; |
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181 | my $callpkg = caller($ExportLevel); |
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182 | export $pkg, $callpkg, @_; |
183 | } |
184 | |
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185 | |
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186 | |
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187 | # Utility functions |
188 | |
189 | sub _push_tags { |
190 | my($pkg, $var, $syms) = @_; |
191 | my $nontag; |
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192 | *export_tags = \%{"${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS"}; |
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193 | push(@{"${pkg}::$var"}, |
194 | map { $export_tags{$_} ? @{$export_tags{$_}} : scalar(++$nontag,$_) } |
195 | (@$syms) ? @$syms : keys %export_tags); |
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196 | if ($nontag and $^W) { |
197 | # This may change to a die one day |
198 | require Carp; |
199 | Carp::carp("Some names are not tags"); |
200 | } |
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201 | } |
202 | |
203 | sub export_tags { _push_tags((caller)[0], "EXPORT", \@_) } |
204 | sub export_ok_tags { _push_tags((caller)[0], "EXPORT_OK", \@_) } |
205 | |
206 | |
207 | # Default methods |
208 | |
209 | sub export_fail { |
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210 | my $self = shift; |
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211 | @_; |
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212 | } |
213 | |
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214 | sub require_version { |
215 | my($self, $wanted) = @_; |
216 | my $pkg = ref $self || $self; |
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217 | my $version = ${"${pkg}::VERSION"}; |
218 | if (!$version or $version < $wanted) { |
219 | $version ||= "(undef)"; |
220 | my $file = $INC{"$pkg.pm"}; |
221 | $file &&= " ($file)"; |
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222 | require Carp; |
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223 | Carp::croak("$pkg $wanted required--this is only version $version$file") |
224 | } |
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225 | $version; |
226 | } |
227 | |
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228 | 1; |
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229 | |
230 | # A simple self test harness. Change 'require Carp' to 'use Carp ()' for testing. |
231 | # package main; eval(join('',<DATA>)) or die $@ unless caller; |
232 | __END__ |
233 | package Test; |
234 | $INC{'Exporter.pm'} = 1; |
235 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
236 | @EXPORT = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5); |
237 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5); |
238 | %EXPORT_TAGS = (T1=>[qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)], T2=>[qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)], T3=>[qw(X3)]); |
239 | @EXPORT_FAIL = qw(B4); |
240 | Exporter::export_ok_tags('T3', 'unknown_tag'); |
241 | sub export_fail { |
242 | map { "Test::$_" } @_ # edit symbols just as an example |
243 | } |
244 | |
245 | package main; |
246 | $Exporter::Verbose = 1; |
247 | #import Test; |
248 | #import Test qw(X3); # export ok via export_ok_tags() |
249 | #import Test qw(:T1 !A2 /5/ !/3/ B5); |
250 | import Test qw(:T2 !B4); |
251 | import Test qw(:T2); # should fail |
252 | 1; |
253 | |
254 | =head1 NAME |
255 | |
256 | Exporter - Implements default import method for modules |
257 | |
258 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
259 | |
260 | In module ModuleName.pm: |
261 | |
262 | package ModuleName; |
263 | require Exporter; |
264 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
265 | |
266 | @EXPORT = qw(...); # symbols to export by default |
267 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(...); # symbols to export on request |
268 | %EXPORT_TAGS = tag => [...]; # define names for sets of symbols |
269 | |
270 | In other files which wish to use ModuleName: |
271 | |
272 | use ModuleName; # import default symbols into my package |
273 | |
274 | use ModuleName qw(...); # import listed symbols into my package |
275 | |
276 | use ModuleName (); # do not import any symbols |
277 | |
278 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
279 | |
280 | The Exporter module implements a default C<import> method which |
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281 | many modules choose to inherit rather than implement their own. |
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282 | |
283 | Perl automatically calls the C<import> method when processing a |
284 | C<use> statement for a module. Modules and C<use> are documented |
285 | in L<perlfunc> and L<perlmod>. Understanding the concept of |
286 | modules and how the C<use> statement operates is important to |
287 | understanding the Exporter. |
288 | |
289 | =head2 Selecting What To Export |
290 | |
291 | Do B<not> export method names! |
292 | |
293 | Do B<not> export anything else by default without a good reason! |
294 | |
295 | Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must export |
296 | try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid short or |
297 | common symbol names to reduce the risk of name clashes. |
298 | |
299 | Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the |
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300 | module using the ModuleName::item_name (or $blessed_ref-E<gt>method) |
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301 | syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to |
302 | informally indicate that they are 'internal' and not for public use. |
303 | |
304 | (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying: |
305 | |
306 | my $subref = sub { ... }; |
307 | &$subref; |
308 | |
309 | But there's no way to call that directly as a method, since a method |
310 | must have a name in the symbol table.) |
311 | |
312 | As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented |
313 | then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then |
314 | @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution. |
315 | |
316 | Other module design guidelines can be found in L<perlmod>. |
317 | |
318 | =head2 Specialised Import Lists |
319 | |
320 | If the first entry in an import list begins with !, : or / then the |
321 | list is treated as a series of specifications which either add to or |
322 | delete from the list of names to import. They are processed left to |
323 | right. Specifications are in the form: |
324 | |
325 | [!]name This name only |
326 | [!]:DEFAULT All names in @EXPORT |
327 | [!]:tag All names in $EXPORT_TAGS{tag} anonymous list |
328 | [!]/pattern/ All names in @EXPORT and @EXPORT_OK which match |
329 | |
330 | A leading ! indicates that matching names should be deleted from the |
331 | list of names to import. If the first specification is a deletion it |
332 | is treated as though preceded by :DEFAULT. If you just want to import |
333 | extra names in addition to the default set you will still need to |
334 | include :DEFAULT explicitly. |
335 | |
336 | e.g., Module.pm defines: |
337 | |
338 | @EXPORT = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5); |
339 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5); |
340 | %EXPORT_TAGS = (T1 => [qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)], T2 => [qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)]); |
341 | |
342 | Note that you cannot use tags in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK. |
343 | Names in EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK. |
344 | |
345 | An application using Module can say something like: |
346 | |
347 | use Module qw(:DEFAULT :T2 !B3 A3); |
348 | |
349 | Other examples include: |
350 | |
351 | use Socket qw(!/^[AP]F_/ !SOMAXCONN !SOL_SOCKET); |
352 | use POSIX qw(:errno_h :termios_h !TCSADRAIN !/^EXIT/); |
353 | |
354 | Remember that most patterns (using //) will need to be anchored |
355 | with a leading ^, e.g., C</^EXIT/> rather than C</EXIT/>. |
356 | |
357 | You can say C<BEGIN { $Exporter::Verbose=1 }> to see how the |
358 | specifications are being processed and what is actually being imported |
359 | into modules. |
360 | |
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361 | =head2 Exporting without using Export's import method |
362 | |
363 | Exporter has a special method, 'export_to_level' which is used in situations |
364 | where you can't directly call Export's import method. The export_to_level |
365 | method looks like: |
366 | |
367 | MyPackage->export_to_level($where_to_export, @what_to_export); |
368 | |
369 | where $where_to_export is an integer telling how far up the calling stack |
370 | to export your symbols, and @what_to_export is an array telling what |
371 | symbols *to* export (usually this is @_). |
372 | |
373 | For example, suppose that you have a module, A, which already has an |
374 | import function: |
375 | |
376 | package A; |
377 | |
378 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
379 | @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b); |
380 | |
381 | sub import |
382 | { |
383 | $A::b = 1; # not a very useful import method |
384 | } |
385 | |
386 | and you want to Export symbol $A::b back to the module that called |
387 | package A. Since Exporter relies on the import method to work, via |
388 | inheritance, as it stands Exporter::import() will never get called. |
389 | Instead, say the following: |
390 | |
391 | package A; |
392 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
393 | @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b); |
394 | |
395 | sub import |
396 | { |
397 | $A::b = 1; |
398 | A->export_to_level(1, @_); |
399 | } |
400 | |
401 | This will export the symbols one level 'above' the current package - ie: to |
402 | the program or module that used package A. |
403 | |
404 | Note: Be careful not to modify '@_' at all before you call export_to_level |
405 | - or people using your package will get very unexplained results! |
406 | |
407 | |
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408 | =head2 Module Version Checking |
409 | |
410 | The Exporter module will convert an attempt to import a number from a |
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411 | module into a call to $module_name-E<gt>require_version($value). This can |
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412 | be used to validate that the version of the module being used is |
413 | greater than or equal to the required version. |
414 | |
415 | The Exporter module supplies a default require_version method which |
416 | checks the value of $VERSION in the exporting module. |
417 | |
418 | Since the default require_version method treats the $VERSION number as |
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419 | a simple numeric value it will regard version 1.10 as lower than |
420 | 1.9. For this reason it is strongly recommended that you use numbers |
421 | with at least two decimal places, e.g., 1.09. |
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422 | |
423 | =head2 Managing Unknown Symbols |
424 | |
425 | In some situations you may want to prevent certain symbols from being |
426 | exported. Typically this applies to extensions which have functions |
427 | or constants that may not exist on some systems. |
428 | |
429 | The names of any symbols that cannot be exported should be listed |
430 | in the C<@EXPORT_FAIL> array. |
431 | |
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432 | If a module attempts to import any of these symbols the Exporter |
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433 | will give the module an opportunity to handle the situation before |
434 | generating an error. The Exporter will call an export_fail method |
435 | with a list of the failed symbols: |
436 | |
437 | @failed_symbols = $module_name->export_fail(@failed_symbols); |
438 | |
439 | If the export_fail method returns an empty list then no error is |
440 | recorded and all the requested symbols are exported. If the returned |
441 | list is not empty then an error is generated for each symbol and the |
442 | export fails. The Exporter provides a default export_fail method which |
443 | simply returns the list unchanged. |
444 | |
445 | Uses for the export_fail method include giving better error messages |
446 | for some symbols and performing lazy architectural checks (put more |
447 | symbols into @EXPORT_FAIL by default and then take them out if someone |
448 | actually tries to use them and an expensive check shows that they are |
449 | usable on that platform). |
450 | |
451 | =head2 Tag Handling Utility Functions |
452 | |
453 | Since the symbols listed within %EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in either |
454 | @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK, two utility functions are provided which allow |
455 | you to easily add tagged sets of symbols to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK: |
456 | |
457 | %EXPORT_TAGS = (foo => [qw(aa bb cc)], bar => [qw(aa cc dd)]); |
458 | |
459 | Exporter::export_tags('foo'); # add aa, bb and cc to @EXPORT |
460 | Exporter::export_ok_tags('bar'); # add aa, cc and dd to @EXPORT_OK |
461 | |
462 | Any names which are not tags are added to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK |
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463 | unchanged but will trigger a warning (with C<-w>) to avoid misspelt tags |
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464 | names being silently added to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK. Future versions |
465 | may make this a fatal error. |
466 | |
467 | =cut |