POD updates, including code coverage

[dbsrgits/DBM-Deep.git] / lib / DBM / Deep.pm

package DBM::Deep;

##
# DBM::Deep
#
# Description:
#    Multi-level database module for storing hash trees, arrays and simple
#    key/value pairs into FTP-able, cross-platform binary database files.
#
#    Type `perldoc DBM::Deep` for complete documentation.
#
# Usage Examples:
#    my %db;
#    tie %db, 'DBM::Deep', 'my_database.db'; # standard tie() method
#
#    my $db = new DBM::Deep( 'my_database.db' ); # preferred OO method
#
#    $db->{my_scalar} = 'hello world';
#    $db->{my_hash} = { larry => 'genius', hashes => 'fast' };
#    $db->{my_array} = [ 1, 2, 3, time() ];
#    $db->{my_complex} = [ 'hello', { perl => 'rules' }, 42, 99 ];
#    push @{$db->{my_array}}, 'another value';
#    my @key_list = keys %{$db->{my_hash}};
#    print "This module " . $db->{my_complex}->[1]->{perl} . "!\n";
#
# Copyright:
#    (c) 2002-2006 Joseph Huckaby.  All Rights Reserved.
#    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
#    modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
##

use 5.6.0;

use strict;
use warnings;

our $VERSION = q(0.99_03);

use Fcntl qw( :flock );

use Clone::Any '_clone_data';
use Digest::MD5 ();
use FileHandle::Fmode ();
use Scalar::Util ();

use DBM::Deep::Engine;
use DBM::Deep::File;

##
# Setup constants for users to pass to new()
##
sub TYPE_HASH   () { DBM::Deep::Engine->SIG_HASH  }
sub TYPE_ARRAY  () { DBM::Deep::Engine->SIG_ARRAY }

# This is used in all the children of this class in their TIE<type> methods.
sub _get_args {
    my $proto = shift;

    my $args;
    if (scalar(@_) > 1) {
        if ( @_ % 2 ) {
            $proto->_throw_error( "Odd number of parameters to " . (caller(1))[2] );
        }
        $args = {@_};
    }
    elsif ( ref $_[0] ) {
        unless ( eval { local $SIG{'__DIE__'}; %{$_[0]} || 1 } ) {
            $proto->_throw_error( "Not a hashref in args to " . (caller(1))[2] );
        }
        $args = $_[0];
    }
    else {
        $args = { file => shift };
    }

    return $args;
}

sub new {
    ##
    # Class constructor method for Perl OO interface.
    # Calls tie() and returns blessed reference to tied hash or array,
    # providing a hybrid OO/tie interface.
    ##
    my $class = shift;
    my $args = $class->_get_args( @_ );

    ##
    # Check if we want a tied hash or array.
    ##
    my $self;
    if (defined($args->{type}) && $args->{type} eq TYPE_ARRAY) {
        $class = 'DBM::Deep::Array';
        require DBM::Deep::Array;
        tie @$self, $class, %$args;
    }
    else {
        $class = 'DBM::Deep::Hash';
        require DBM::Deep::Hash;
        tie %$self, $class, %$args;
    }

    return bless $self, $class;
}

# This initializer is called from the various TIE* methods. new() calls tie(),
# which allows for a single point of entry.
sub _init {
    my $class = shift;
    my ($args) = @_;

    $args->{storage} = DBM::Deep::File->new( $args )
        unless exists $args->{storage};

    # locking implicitly enables autoflush
    if ($args->{locking}) { $args->{autoflush} = 1; }

    # These are the defaults to be optionally overridden below
    my $self = bless {
        type        => TYPE_HASH,
        base_offset => undef,
        staleness   => undef,

        storage     => undef,
        engine      => undef,
    }, $class;

    $args->{engine} = DBM::Deep::Engine->new( { %{$args}, obj => $self } )
        unless exists $args->{engine};

    # Grab the parameters we want to use
    foreach my $param ( keys %$self ) {
        next unless exists $args->{$param};
        $self->{$param} = $args->{$param};
    }

    eval {
      local $SIG{'__DIE__'};

      $self->lock;
      $self->_engine->setup_fh( $self );
      $self->_storage->set_inode;
      $self->unlock;
    }; if ( $@ ) {
      my $e = $@;
      eval { local $SIG{'__DIE__'}; $self->unlock; };
      die $e;
    }

    return $self;
}

sub TIEHASH {
    shift;
    require DBM::Deep::Hash;
    return DBM::Deep::Hash->TIEHASH( @_ );
}

sub TIEARRAY {
    shift;
    require DBM::Deep::Array;
    return DBM::Deep::Array->TIEARRAY( @_ );
}

sub lock {
    my $self = shift->_get_self;
    return $self->_storage->lock( $self, @_ );
}

sub unlock {
    my $self = shift->_get_self;
    return $self->_storage->unlock( $self, @_ );
}

sub _copy_value {
    my $self = shift->_get_self;
    my ($spot, $value) = @_;

    if ( !ref $value ) {
        ${$spot} = $value;
    }
    elsif ( eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; $value->isa( 'DBM::Deep' ) } ) {
        ${$spot} = $value->_repr;
        $value->_copy_node( ${$spot} );
    }
    else {
        my $r = Scalar::Util::reftype( $value );
        my $c = Scalar::Util::blessed( $value );
        if ( $r eq 'ARRAY' ) {
            ${$spot} = [ @{$value} ];
        }
        else {
            ${$spot} = { %{$value} };
        }
        ${$spot} = bless ${$spot}, $c
            if defined $c;
    }

    return 1;
}

sub _copy_node {
    die "Must be implemented in a child class\n";
}

sub _repr {
    die "Must be implemented in a child class\n";
}

sub export {
    ##
    # Recursively export into standard Perl hashes and arrays.
    ##
    my $self = shift->_get_self;

    my $temp = $self->_repr;

    $self->lock();
    $self->_copy_node( $temp );
    $self->unlock();

    my $classname = $self->_engine->get_classname( $self );
    if ( defined $classname ) {
      bless $temp, $classname;
    }

    return $temp;
}

sub import {
    ##
    # Recursively import Perl hash/array structure
    ##
    if (!ref($_[0])) { return; } # Perl calls import() on use -- ignore

    my $self = shift->_get_self;
    my ($struct) = @_;

    # struct is not a reference, so just import based on our type
    if (!ref($struct)) {
        $struct = $self->_repr( @_ );
    }

    #XXX This isn't the best solution. Better would be to use Data::Walker,
    #XXX but that's a lot more thinking than I want to do right now.
    eval {
        #$self->begin_work;
        $self->_import( _clone_data( $struct ) );
        #$self->commit;
    }; if ( $@ ) {
        #$self->rollback;
        die $@;
    }

    return 1;
}

#XXX Need to keep track of who has a fh to this file in order to
#XXX close them all prior to optimize on Win32/cygwin
sub optimize {
    ##
    # Rebuild entire database into new file, then move
    # it back on top of original.
    ##
    my $self = shift->_get_self;

#XXX Need to create a new test for this
#    if ($self->_storage->{links} > 1) {
#        $self->_throw_error("Cannot optimize: reference count is greater than 1");
#    }

    #XXX Do we have to lock the tempfile?

    my $db_temp = DBM::Deep->new(
        file => $self->_storage->{file} . '.tmp',
        type => $self->_type
    );

    $self->lock();
    $self->_copy_node( $db_temp );
    undef $db_temp;

    ##
    # Attempt to copy user, group and permissions over to new file
    ##
    my @stats = stat($self->_fh);
    my $perms = $stats[2] & 07777;
    my $uid = $stats[4];
    my $gid = $stats[5];
    chown( $uid, $gid, $self->_storage->{file} . '.tmp' );
    chmod( $perms, $self->_storage->{file} . '.tmp' );

    # q.v. perlport for more information on this variable
    if ( $^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'cygwin' ) {
        ##
        # Potential race condition when optmizing on Win32 with locking.
        # The Windows filesystem requires that the filehandle be closed
        # before it is overwritten with rename().  This could be redone
        # with a soft copy.
        ##
        $self->unlock();
        $self->_storage->close;
    }

    if (!rename $self->_storage->{file} . '.tmp', $self->_storage->{file}) {
        unlink $self->_storage->{file} . '.tmp';
        $self->unlock();
        $self->_throw_error("Optimize failed: Cannot copy temp file over original: $!");
    }

    $self->unlock();
    $self->_storage->close;
    $self->_storage->open;
    $self->_engine->setup_fh( $self );

    return 1;
}

sub clone {
    ##
    # Make copy of object and return
    ##
    my $self = shift->_get_self;

    return DBM::Deep->new(
        type        => $self->_type,
        base_offset => $self->_base_offset,
        staleness   => $self->_staleness,
        storage     => $self->_storage,
        engine      => $self->_engine,
    );
}

{
    my %is_legal_filter = map {
        $_ => ~~1,
    } qw(
        store_key store_value
        fetch_key fetch_value
    );

    sub set_filter {
        ##
        # Setup filter function for storing or fetching the key or value
        ##
        my $self = shift->_get_self;
        my $type = lc shift;
        my $func = shift;

        if ( $is_legal_filter{$type} ) {
            $self->_storage->{"filter_$type"} = $func;
            return 1;
        }

        return;
    }
}

sub begin_work {
    my $self = shift->_get_self;
    return $self->_engine->begin_work( $self, @_ );
}

sub rollback {
    my $self = shift->_get_self;
    return $self->_engine->rollback( $self, @_ );
}

sub commit {
    my $self = shift->_get_self;
    return $self->_engine->commit( $self, @_ );
}

##
# Accessor methods
##

sub _engine {
    my $self = $_[0]->_get_self;
    return $self->{engine};
}

sub _storage {
    my $self = $_[0]->_get_self;
    return $self->{storage};
}

sub _type {
    my $self = $_[0]->_get_self;
    return $self->{type};
}

sub _base_offset {
    my $self = $_[0]->_get_self;
    return $self->{base_offset};
}

sub _staleness {
    my $self = $_[0]->_get_self;
    return $self->{staleness};
}

sub _fh {
    my $self = $_[0]->_get_self;
    return $self->_storage->{fh};
}

##
# Utility methods
##

sub _throw_error {
    die "DBM::Deep: $_[1]\n";
}

sub STORE {
    ##
    # Store single hash key/value or array element in database.
    ##
    my $self = shift->_get_self;
    my ($key, $value) = @_;

    if ( !FileHandle::Fmode::is_W( $self->_fh ) ) {
        $self->_throw_error( 'Cannot write to a readonly filehandle' );
    }

    ##
    # Request exclusive lock for writing
    ##
    $self->lock( LOCK_EX );

    # User may be storing a complex value, in which case we do not want it run
    # through the filtering system.
    if ( !ref($value) && $self->_storage->{filter_store_value} ) {
        $value = $self->_storage->{filter_store_value}->( $value );
    }

    $self->_engine->write_value( $self, $key, $value);

    $self->unlock();

    return 1;
}

sub FETCH {
    ##
    # Fetch single value or element given plain key or array index
    ##
    my $self = shift->_get_self;
    my ($key) = @_;

    ##
    # Request shared lock for reading
    ##
    $self->lock( LOCK_SH );

    my $result = $self->_engine->read_value( $self, $key);

    $self->unlock();

    # Filters only apply to scalar values, so the ref check is making
    # sure the fetched bucket is a scalar, not a child hash or array.
    return ($result && !ref($result) && $self->_storage->{filter_fetch_value})
        ? $self->_storage->{filter_fetch_value}->($result)
        : $result;
}

sub DELETE {
    ##
    # Delete single key/value pair or element given plain key or array index
    ##
    my $self = shift->_get_self;
    my ($key) = @_;

    if ( !FileHandle::Fmode::is_W( $self->_fh ) ) {
        $self->_throw_error( 'Cannot write to a readonly filehandle' );
    }

    ##
    # Request exclusive lock for writing
    ##
    $self->lock( LOCK_EX );

    ##
    # Delete bucket
    ##
    my $value = $self->_engine->delete_key( $self, $key);

    if (defined $value && !ref($value) && $self->_storage->{filter_fetch_value}) {
        $value = $self->_storage->{filter_fetch_value}->($value);
    }

    $self->unlock();

    return $value;
}

sub EXISTS {
    ##
    # Check if a single key or element exists given plain key or array index
    ##
    my $self = shift->_get_self;
    my ($key) = @_;

    ##
    # Request shared lock for reading
    ##
    $self->lock( LOCK_SH );

    my $result = $self->_engine->key_exists( $self, $key );

    $self->unlock();

    return $result;
}

sub CLEAR {
    ##
    # Clear all keys from hash, or all elements from array.
    ##
    my $self = shift->_get_self;

    if ( !FileHandle::Fmode::is_W( $self->_fh ) ) {
        $self->_throw_error( 'Cannot write to a readonly filehandle' );
    }

    ##
    # Request exclusive lock for writing
    ##
    $self->lock( LOCK_EX );

    if ( $self->_type eq TYPE_HASH ) {
        my $key = $self->first_key;
        while ( $key ) {
            # Retrieve the key before deleting because we depend on next_key
            my $next_key = $self->next_key( $key );
            $self->_engine->delete_key( $self, $key, $key );
            $key = $next_key;
        }
    }
    else {
        my $size = $self->FETCHSIZE;
        for my $key ( 0 .. $size - 1 ) {
            $self->_engine->delete_key( $self, $key, $key );
        }
        $self->STORESIZE( 0 );
    }
#XXX This needs updating to use _release_space
#    $self->_engine->write_tag(
#        $self->_base_offset, $self->_type,
#        chr(0)x$self->_engine->{index_size},
#    );

    $self->unlock();

    return 1;
}

##
# Public method aliases
##
sub put { (shift)->STORE( @_ ) }
sub store { (shift)->STORE( @_ ) }
sub get { (shift)->FETCH( @_ ) }
sub fetch { (shift)->FETCH( @_ ) }
sub delete { (shift)->DELETE( @_ ) }
sub exists { (shift)->EXISTS( @_ ) }
sub clear { (shift)->CLEAR( @_ ) }

1;
__END__

=head1 NAME

DBM::Deep - A pure perl multi-level hash/array DBM that supports transactions

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use DBM::Deep;
  my $db = DBM::Deep->new( "foo.db" );

  $db->{key} = 'value';
  print $db->{key};

  $db->put('key' => 'value');
  print $db->get('key');

  # true multi-level support
  $db->{my_complex} = [
      'hello', { perl => 'rules' },
      42, 99,
  ];

  $db->begin_work;

  # Do stuff here

  $db->rollback;
  $db->commit;

  tie my %db, 'DBM::Deep', 'foo.db';
  $db{key} = 'value';
  print $db{key};

  tied(%db)->put('key' => 'value');
  print tied(%db)->get('key');

=head1 DESCRIPTION

A unique flat-file database module, written in pure perl.  True multi-level
hash/array support (unlike MLDBM, which is faked), hybrid OO / tie()
interface, cross-platform FTPable files, ACID transactions, and is quite fast.
Can handle millions of keys and unlimited levels without significant
slow-down.  Written from the ground-up in pure perl -- this is NOT a wrapper
around a C-based DBM.  Out-of-the-box compatibility with Unix, Mac OS X and
Windows.

=head1 VERSION DIFFERENCES

B<NOTE>: 0.99_03 has significant file format differences from prior versions.
THere will be a backwards-compatibility layer in 1.00, but that is slated for
a later 0.99_x release. This version is B<NOT> backwards compatible with any
other release of DBM::Deep.

B<NOTE>: 0.99_01 and above have significant file format differences from 0.983 and
before. There will be a backwards-compatibility layer in 1.00, but that is
slated for a later 0.99_x release. This version is B<NOT> backwards compatible
with 0.983 and before.

=head1 SETUP

Construction can be done OO-style (which is the recommended way), or using
Perl's tie() function.  Both are examined here.

=head2 OO CONSTRUCTION

The recommended way to construct a DBM::Deep object is to use the new()
method, which gets you a blessed I<and> tied hash (or array) reference.

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new( "foo.db" );

This opens a new database handle, mapped to the file "foo.db".  If this
file does not exist, it will automatically be created.  DB files are
opened in "r+" (read/write) mode, and the type of object returned is a
hash, unless otherwise specified (see L<OPTIONS> below).

You can pass a number of options to the constructor to specify things like
locking, autoflush, etc.  This is done by passing an inline hash (or hashref):

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new(
      file      => "foo.db",
      locking   => 1,
      autoflush => 1
  );

Notice that the filename is now specified I<inside> the hash with
the "file" parameter, as opposed to being the sole argument to the
constructor.  This is required if any options are specified.
See L<OPTIONS> below for the complete list.

You can also start with an array instead of a hash.  For this, you must
specify the C<type> parameter:

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new(
      file => "foo.db",
      type => DBM::Deep->TYPE_ARRAY
  );

B<Note:> Specifing the C<type> parameter only takes effect when beginning
a new DB file.  If you create a DBM::Deep object with an existing file, the
C<type> will be loaded from the file header, and an error will be thrown if
the wrong type is passed in.

=head2 TIE CONSTRUCTION

Alternately, you can create a DBM::Deep handle by using Perl's built-in
tie() function.  The object returned from tie() can be used to call methods,
such as lock() and unlock(). (That object can be retrieved from the tied
variable at any time using tied() - please see L<perltie/> for more info.

  my %hash;
  my $db = tie %hash, "DBM::Deep", "foo.db";

  my @array;
  my $db = tie @array, "DBM::Deep", "bar.db";

As with the OO constructor, you can replace the DB filename parameter with
a hash containing one or more options (see L<OPTIONS> just below for the
complete list).

  tie %hash, "DBM::Deep", {
      file => "foo.db",
      locking => 1,
      autoflush => 1
  };

=head2 OPTIONS

There are a number of options that can be passed in when constructing your
DBM::Deep objects.  These apply to both the OO- and tie- based approaches.

=over

=item * file

Filename of the DB file to link the handle to.  You can pass a full absolute
filesystem path, partial path, or a plain filename if the file is in the
current working directory.  This is a required parameter (though q.v. fh).

=item * fh

If you want, you can pass in the fh instead of the file. This is most useful for doing
something like:

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new( { fh => \*DATA } );

You are responsible for making sure that the fh has been opened appropriately for your
needs. If you open it read-only and attempt to write, an exception will be thrown. If you
open it write-only or append-only, an exception will be thrown immediately as DBM::Deep
needs to read from the fh.

=item * file_offset

This is the offset within the file that the DBM::Deep db starts. Most of the time, you will
not need to set this. However, it's there if you want it.

If you pass in fh and do not set this, it will be set appropriately.

=item * type

This parameter specifies what type of object to create, a hash or array.  Use
one of these two constants:

=over 4

=item * C<DBM::Deep-E<gt>TYPE_HASH>

=item * C<DBM::Deep-E<gt>TYPE_ARRAY>.

=back

This only takes effect when beginning a new file.  This is an optional
parameter, and defaults to C<DBM::Deep-E<gt>TYPE_HASH>.

=item * locking

Specifies whether locking is to be enabled.  DBM::Deep uses Perl's flock()
function to lock the database in exclusive mode for writes, and shared mode
for reads.  Pass any true value to enable.  This affects the base DB handle
I<and any child hashes or arrays> that use the same DB file.  This is an
optional parameter, and defaults to 0 (disabled).  See L<LOCKING> below for
more.

=item * autoflush

Specifies whether autoflush is to be enabled on the underlying filehandle.
This obviously slows down write operations, but is required if you may have
multiple processes accessing the same DB file (also consider enable I<locking>).
Pass any true value to enable.  This is an optional parameter, and defaults to 0
(disabled).

=item * filter_*

See L</FILTERS> below.

=back

=head1 TIE INTERFACE

With DBM::Deep you can access your databases using Perl's standard hash/array
syntax.  Because all DBM::Deep objects are I<tied> to hashes or arrays, you can
treat them as such.  DBM::Deep will intercept all reads/writes and direct them
to the right place -- the DB file.  This has nothing to do with the
L<TIE CONSTRUCTION> section above.  This simply tells you how to use DBM::Deep
using regular hashes and arrays, rather than calling functions like C<get()>
and C<put()> (although those work too).  It is entirely up to you how to want
to access your databases.

=head2 HASHES

You can treat any DBM::Deep object like a normal Perl hash reference.  Add keys,
or even nested hashes (or arrays) using standard Perl syntax:

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new( "foo.db" );

  $db->{mykey} = "myvalue";
  $db->{myhash} = {};
  $db->{myhash}->{subkey} = "subvalue";

  print $db->{myhash}->{subkey} . "\n";

You can even step through hash keys using the normal Perl C<keys()> function:

  foreach my $key (keys %$db) {
      print "$key: " . $db->{$key} . "\n";
  }

Remember that Perl's C<keys()> function extracts I<every> key from the hash and
pushes them onto an array, all before the loop even begins.  If you have an
extremely large hash, this may exhaust Perl's memory.  Instead, consider using
Perl's C<each()> function, which pulls keys/values one at a time, using very
little memory:

  while (my ($key, $value) = each %$db) {
      print "$key: $value\n";
  }

Please note that when using C<each()>, you should always pass a direct
hash reference, not a lookup.  Meaning, you should B<never> do this:

  # NEVER DO THIS
  while (my ($key, $value) = each %{$db->{foo}}) { # BAD

This causes an infinite loop, because for each iteration, Perl is calling
FETCH() on the $db handle, resulting in a "new" hash for foo every time, so
it effectively keeps returning the first key over and over again. Instead,
assign a temporary variable to C<$db->{foo}>, then pass that to each().

=head2 ARRAYS

As with hashes, you can treat any DBM::Deep object like a normal Perl array
reference.  This includes inserting, removing and manipulating elements,
and the C<push()>, C<pop()>, C<shift()>, C<unshift()> and C<splice()> functions.
The object must have first been created using type C<DBM::Deep-E<gt>TYPE_ARRAY>,
or simply be a nested array reference inside a hash.  Example:

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new(
      file => "foo-array.db",
      type => DBM::Deep->TYPE_ARRAY
  );

  $db->[0] = "foo";
  push @$db, "bar", "baz";
  unshift @$db, "bah";

  my $last_elem = pop @$db; # baz
  my $first_elem = shift @$db; # bah
  my $second_elem = $db->[1]; # bar

  my $num_elements = scalar @$db;

=head1 OO INTERFACE

In addition to the I<tie()> interface, you can also use a standard OO interface
to manipulate all aspects of DBM::Deep databases.  Each type of object (hash or
array) has its own methods, but both types share the following common methods:
C<put()>, C<get()>, C<exists()>, C<delete()> and C<clear()>. C<fetch()> and
C<store(> are aliases to C<put()> and C<get()>, respectively.

=over

=item * new() / clone()

These are the constructor and copy-functions.

=item * put() / store()

Stores a new hash key/value pair, or sets an array element value.  Takes two
arguments, the hash key or array index, and the new value.  The value can be
a scalar, hash ref or array ref.  Returns true on success, false on failure.

  $db->put("foo", "bar"); # for hashes
  $db->put(1, "bar"); # for arrays

=item * get() / fetch()

Fetches the value of a hash key or array element.  Takes one argument: the hash
key or array index.  Returns a scalar, hash ref or array ref, depending on the
data type stored.

  my $value = $db->get("foo"); # for hashes
  my $value = $db->get(1); # for arrays

=item * exists()

Checks if a hash key or array index exists.  Takes one argument: the hash key
or array index.  Returns true if it exists, false if not.

  if ($db->exists("foo")) { print "yay!\n"; } # for hashes
  if ($db->exists(1)) { print "yay!\n"; } # for arrays

=item * delete()

Deletes one hash key/value pair or array element.  Takes one argument: the hash
key or array index.  Returns true on success, false if not found.  For arrays,
the remaining elements located after the deleted element are NOT moved over.
The deleted element is essentially just undefined, which is exactly how Perl's
internal arrays work.  Please note that the space occupied by the deleted
key/value or element is B<not> reused again -- see L<UNUSED SPACE RECOVERY>
below for details and workarounds.

  $db->delete("foo"); # for hashes
  $db->delete(1); # for arrays

=item * clear()

Deletes B<all> hash keys or array elements.  Takes no arguments.  No return
value.  Please note that the space occupied by the deleted keys/values or
elements is B<not> reused again -- see L<UNUSED SPACE RECOVERY> below for
details and workarounds.

  $db->clear(); # hashes or arrays

=item * lock() / unlock()

q.v. Locking.

=item * optimize()

Recover lost disk space. This is important to do, especially if you use
transactions.

=item * import() / export()

Data going in and out.

=back

=head2 HASHES

For hashes, DBM::Deep supports all the common methods described above, and the
following additional methods: C<first_key()> and C<next_key()>.

=over

=item * first_key()

Returns the "first" key in the hash.  As with built-in Perl hashes, keys are
fetched in an undefined order (which appears random).  Takes no arguments,
returns the key as a scalar value.

  my $key = $db->first_key();

=item * next_key()

Returns the "next" key in the hash, given the previous one as the sole argument.
Returns undef if there are no more keys to be fetched.

  $key = $db->next_key($key);

=back

Here are some examples of using hashes:

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new( "foo.db" );

  $db->put("foo", "bar");
  print "foo: " . $db->get("foo") . "\n";

  $db->put("baz", {}); # new child hash ref
  $db->get("baz")->put("buz", "biz");
  print "buz: " . $db->get("baz")->get("buz") . "\n";

  my $key = $db->first_key();
  while ($key) {
      print "$key: " . $db->get($key) . "\n";
      $key = $db->next_key($key);
  }

  if ($db->exists("foo")) { $db->delete("foo"); }

=head2 ARRAYS

For arrays, DBM::Deep supports all the common methods described above, and the
following additional methods: C<length()>, C<push()>, C<pop()>, C<shift()>,
C<unshift()> and C<splice()>.

=over

=item * length()

Returns the number of elements in the array.  Takes no arguments.

  my $len = $db->length();

=item * push()

Adds one or more elements onto the end of the array.  Accepts scalars, hash
refs or array refs.  No return value.

  $db->push("foo", "bar", {});

=item * pop()

Fetches the last element in the array, and deletes it.  Takes no arguments.
Returns undef if array is empty.  Returns the element value.

  my $elem = $db->pop();

=item * shift()

Fetches the first element in the array, deletes it, then shifts all the
remaining elements over to take up the space.  Returns the element value.  This
method is not recommended with large arrays -- see L<LARGE ARRAYS> below for
details.

  my $elem = $db->shift();

=item * unshift()

Inserts one or more elements onto the beginning of the array, shifting all
existing elements over to make room.  Accepts scalars, hash refs or array refs.
No return value.  This method is not recommended with large arrays -- see
<LARGE ARRAYS> below for details.

  $db->unshift("foo", "bar", {});

=item * splice()

Performs exactly like Perl's built-in function of the same name.  See L<perldoc
-f splice> for usage -- it is too complicated to document here.  This method is
not recommended with large arrays -- see L<LARGE ARRAYS> below for details.

=back

Here are some examples of using arrays:

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new(
      file => "foo.db",
      type => DBM::Deep->TYPE_ARRAY
  );

  $db->push("bar", "baz");
  $db->unshift("foo");
  $db->put(3, "buz");

  my $len = $db->length();
  print "length: $len\n"; # 4

  for (my $k=0; $k<$len; $k++) {
      print "$k: " . $db->get($k) . "\n";
  }

  $db->splice(1, 2, "biz", "baf");

  while (my $elem = shift @$db) {
      print "shifted: $elem\n";
  }

=head1 LOCKING

Enable automatic file locking by passing a true value to the C<locking>
parameter when constructing your DBM::Deep object (see L<SETUP> above).

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new(
      file => "foo.db",
      locking => 1
  );

This causes DBM::Deep to C<flock()> the underlying filehandle with exclusive
mode for writes, and shared mode for reads.  This is required if you have
multiple processes accessing the same database file, to avoid file corruption.
Please note that C<flock()> does NOT work for files over NFS.  See L<DB OVER
NFS> below for more.

=head2 EXPLICIT LOCKING

You can explicitly lock a database, so it remains locked for multiple
actions.  This is done by calling the C<lock()> method, and passing an
optional lock mode argument (defaults to exclusive mode).  This is particularly
useful for things like counters, where the current value needs to be fetched,
then incremented, then stored again.

  $db->lock();
  my $counter = $db->get("counter");
  $counter++;
  $db->put("counter", $counter);
  $db->unlock();

  # or...

  $db->lock();
  $db->{counter}++;
  $db->unlock();

You can pass C<lock()> an optional argument, which specifies which mode to use
(exclusive or shared).  Use one of these two constants:
C<DBM::Deep-E<gt>LOCK_EX> or C<DBM::Deep-E<gt>LOCK_SH>.  These are passed
directly to C<flock()>, and are the same as the constants defined in Perl's
L<Fcntl/> module.

  $db->lock( $db->LOCK_SH );
  # something here
  $db->unlock();

=head1 IMPORTING/EXPORTING

You can import existing complex structures by calling the C<import()> method,
and export an entire database into an in-memory structure using the C<export()>
method.  Both are examined here.

=head2 IMPORTING

Say you have an existing hash with nested hashes/arrays inside it.  Instead of
walking the structure and adding keys/elements to the database as you go,
simply pass a reference to the C<import()> method.  This recursively adds
everything to an existing DBM::Deep object for you.  Here is an example:

  my $struct = {
      key1 => "value1",
      key2 => "value2",
      array1 => [ "elem0", "elem1", "elem2" ],
      hash1 => {
          subkey1 => "subvalue1",
          subkey2 => "subvalue2"
      }
  };

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new( "foo.db" );
  $db->import( $struct );

  print $db->{key1} . "\n"; # prints "value1"

This recursively imports the entire C<$struct> object into C<$db>, including
all nested hashes and arrays.  If the DBM::Deep object contains exsiting data,
keys are merged with the existing ones, replacing if they already exist.
The C<import()> method can be called on any database level (not just the base
level), and works with both hash and array DB types.

B<Note:> Make sure your existing structure has no circular references in it.
These will cause an infinite loop when importing. There are plans to fix this
in a later release.

=head2 EXPORTING

Calling the C<export()> method on an existing DBM::Deep object will return
a reference to a new in-memory copy of the database.  The export is done
recursively, so all nested hashes/arrays are all exported to standard Perl
objects.  Here is an example:

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new( "foo.db" );

  $db->{key1} = "value1";
  $db->{key2} = "value2";
  $db->{hash1} = {};
  $db->{hash1}->{subkey1} = "subvalue1";
  $db->{hash1}->{subkey2} = "subvalue2";

  my $struct = $db->export();

  print $struct->{key1} . "\n"; # prints "value1"

This makes a complete copy of the database in memory, and returns a reference
to it.  The C<export()> method can be called on any database level (not just
the base level), and works with both hash and array DB types.  Be careful of
large databases -- you can store a lot more data in a DBM::Deep object than an
in-memory Perl structure.

B<Note:> Make sure your database has no circular references in it.
These will cause an infinite loop when exporting. There are plans to fix this
in a later release.

=head1 FILTERS

DBM::Deep has a number of hooks where you can specify your own Perl function
to perform filtering on incoming or outgoing data.  This is a perfect
way to extend the engine, and implement things like real-time compression or
encryption.  Filtering applies to the base DB level, and all child hashes /
arrays.  Filter hooks can be specified when your DBM::Deep object is first
constructed, or by calling the C<set_filter()> method at any time.  There are
four available filter hooks, described below:

=over

=item * filter_store_key

This filter is called whenever a hash key is stored.  It
is passed the incoming key, and expected to return a transformed key.

=item * filter_store_value

This filter is called whenever a hash key or array element is stored.  It
is passed the incoming value, and expected to return a transformed value.

=item * filter_fetch_key

This filter is called whenever a hash key is fetched (i.e. via
C<first_key()> or C<next_key()>).  It is passed the transformed key,
and expected to return the plain key.

=item * filter_fetch_value

This filter is called whenever a hash key or array element is fetched.
It is passed the transformed value, and expected to return the plain value.

=back

Here are the two ways to setup a filter hook:

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new(
      file => "foo.db",
      filter_store_value => \&my_filter_store,
      filter_fetch_value => \&my_filter_fetch
  );

  # or...

  $db->set_filter( "filter_store_value", \&my_filter_store );
  $db->set_filter( "filter_fetch_value", \&my_filter_fetch );

Your filter function will be called only when dealing with SCALAR keys or
values.  When nested hashes and arrays are being stored/fetched, filtering
is bypassed.  Filters are called as static functions, passed a single SCALAR
argument, and expected to return a single SCALAR value.  If you want to
remove a filter, set the function reference to C<undef>:

  $db->set_filter( "filter_store_value", undef );

=head2 REAL-TIME ENCRYPTION EXAMPLE

Here is a working example that uses the I<Crypt::Blowfish> module to
do real-time encryption / decryption of keys & values with DBM::Deep Filters.
Please visit L<http://search.cpan.org/search?module=Crypt::Blowfish> for more
on I<Crypt::Blowfish>.  You'll also need the I<Crypt::CBC> module.

  use DBM::Deep;
  use Crypt::Blowfish;
  use Crypt::CBC;

  my $cipher = Crypt::CBC->new({
      'key'             => 'my secret key',
      'cipher'          => 'Blowfish',
      'iv'              => '$KJh#(}q',
      'regenerate_key'  => 0,
      'padding'         => 'space',
      'prepend_iv'      => 0
  });

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new(
      file => "foo-encrypt.db",
      filter_store_key => \&my_encrypt,
      filter_store_value => \&my_encrypt,
      filter_fetch_key => \&my_decrypt,
      filter_fetch_value => \&my_decrypt,
  );

  $db->{key1} = "value1";
  $db->{key2} = "value2";
  print "key1: " . $db->{key1} . "\n";
  print "key2: " . $db->{key2} . "\n";

  undef $db;
  exit;

  sub my_encrypt {
      return $cipher->encrypt( $_[0] );
  }
  sub my_decrypt {
      return $cipher->decrypt( $_[0] );
  }

=head2 REAL-TIME COMPRESSION EXAMPLE

Here is a working example that uses the I<Compress::Zlib> module to do real-time
compression / decompression of keys & values with DBM::Deep Filters.
Please visit L<http://search.cpan.org/search?module=Compress::Zlib> for
more on I<Compress::Zlib>.

  use DBM::Deep;
  use Compress::Zlib;

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new(
      file => "foo-compress.db",
      filter_store_key => \&my_compress,
      filter_store_value => \&my_compress,
      filter_fetch_key => \&my_decompress,
      filter_fetch_value => \&my_decompress,
  );

  $db->{key1} = "value1";
  $db->{key2} = "value2";
  print "key1: " . $db->{key1} . "\n";
  print "key2: " . $db->{key2} . "\n";

  undef $db;
  exit;

  sub my_compress {
      return Compress::Zlib::memGzip( $_[0] ) ;
  }
  sub my_decompress {
      return Compress::Zlib::memGunzip( $_[0] ) ;
  }

B<Note:> Filtering of keys only applies to hashes.  Array "keys" are
actually numerical index numbers, and are not filtered.

=head1 ERROR HANDLING

Most DBM::Deep methods return a true value for success, and call die() on
failure.  You can wrap calls in an eval block to catch the die.

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new( "foo.db" ); # create hash
  eval { $db->push("foo"); }; # ILLEGAL -- push is array-only call

  print $@;           # prints error message

=head1 LARGEFILE SUPPORT

If you have a 64-bit system, and your Perl is compiled with both LARGEFILE
and 64-bit support, you I<may> be able to create databases larger than 2 GB.
DBM::Deep by default uses 32-bit file offset tags, but these can be changed
by specifying the 'pack_size' parameter when constructing the file.

  DBM::Deep->new(
      filename  => $filename,
      pack_size => 'large',
  );

This tells DBM::Deep to pack all file offsets with 8-byte (64-bit) quad words
instead of 32-bit longs.  After setting these values your DB files have a
theoretical maximum size of 16 XB (exabytes).

You can also use C<pack_size =E<gt> 'small'> in order to use 16-bit file
offsets.

B<Note:> Changing these values will B<NOT> work for existing database files.
Only change this for new files. Once the value has been set, it is stored in
the file's header and cannot be changed for the life of the file. These
parameters are per-file, meaning you can access 32-bit and 64-bit files, as
you choose.

B<Note:> We have not personally tested files larger than 2 GB -- all my
systems have only a 32-bit Perl.  However, I have received user reports that
this does indeed work!

=head1 LOW-LEVEL ACCESS

If you require low-level access to the underlying filehandle that DBM::Deep uses,
you can call the C<_fh()> method, which returns the handle:

  my $fh = $db->_fh();

This method can be called on the root level of the datbase, or any child
hashes or arrays.  All levels share a I<root> structure, which contains things
like the filehandle, a reference counter, and all the options specified
when you created the object.  You can get access to this file object by
calling the C<_storage()> method.

  my $file_obj = $db->_storage();

This is useful for changing options after the object has already been created,
such as enabling/disabling locking.  You can also store your own temporary user
data in this structure (be wary of name collision), which is then accessible from
any child hash or array.

=head1 CUSTOM DIGEST ALGORITHM

DBM::Deep by default uses the I<Message Digest 5> (MD5) algorithm for hashing
keys.  However you can override this, and use another algorithm (such as SHA-256)
or even write your own.  But please note that DBM::Deep currently expects zero
collisions, so your algorithm has to be I<perfect>, so to speak. Collision
detection may be introduced in a later version.

You can specify a custom digest algorithm by passing it into the parameter
list for new(), passing a reference to a subroutine as the 'digest' parameter,
and the length of the algorithm's hashes (in bytes) as the 'hash_size'
parameter. Here is a working example that uses a 256-bit hash from the
I<Digest::SHA256> module.  Please see
L<http://search.cpan.org/search?module=Digest::SHA256> for more information.

  use DBM::Deep;
  use Digest::SHA256;

  my $context = Digest::SHA256::new(256);

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new(
      filename => "foo-sha.db",
      digest => \&my_digest,
      hash_size => 32,
  );

  $db->{key1} = "value1";
  $db->{key2} = "value2";
  print "key1: " . $db->{key1} . "\n";
  print "key2: " . $db->{key2} . "\n";

  undef $db;
  exit;

  sub my_digest {
      return substr( $context->hash($_[0]), 0, 32 );
  }

B<Note:> Your returned digest strings must be B<EXACTLY> the number
of bytes you specify in the hash_size parameter (in this case 32).

B<Note:> If you do choose to use a custom digest algorithm, you must set it
every time you access this file. Otherwise, the default (MD5) will be used.

=head1 CIRCULAR REFERENCES

B<NOTE>: DBM::Deep 0.99_03 has turned off circular references pending
evaluation of some edge cases. I hope to be able to re-enable circular
references in a future version prior to 1.00.

DBM::Deep has B<experimental> support for circular references.  Meaning you
can have a nested hash key or array element that points to a parent object.
This relationship is stored in the DB file, and is preserved between sessions.
Here is an example:

  my $db = DBM::Deep->new( "foo.db" );

  $db->{foo} = "bar";
  $db->{circle} = $db; # ref to self

  print $db->{foo} . "\n"; # prints "bar"
  print $db->{circle}->{foo} . "\n"; # prints "bar" again

B<Note>: Passing the object to a function that recursively walks the
object tree (such as I<Data::Dumper> or even the built-in C<optimize()> or
C<export()> methods) will result in an infinite loop. This will be fixed in
a future release.

=head1 TRANSACTIONS

New in 0.99_01 is ACID transactions. Every DBM::Deep object is completely
transaction-ready - it is not an option you have to turn on. Three new methods
have been added to support them. They are:

=over 4

=item * begin_work()

This starts a transaction.

=item * commit()

This applies the changes done within the transaction to the mainline and ends
the transaction.

=item * rollback()

This discards the changes done within the transaction to the mainline and ends
the transaction.

=back

Transactions in DBM::Deep are done using the MVCC method, the same method used
by the InnoDB MySQL table type.

=head1 CAVEATS / ISSUES / BUGS

This section describes all the known issues with DBM::Deep.  It you have found
something that is not listed here, please send e-mail to L<jhuckaby@cpan.org>.

=head2 REFERENCES

(The reasons given assume a high level of Perl understanding, specifically of
references. You can safely skip this section.)

Currently, the only references supported are HASH and ARRAY. The other reference
types (SCALAR, CODE, GLOB, and REF) cannot be supported for various reasons.

=over 4

=item * GLOB

These are things like filehandles and other sockets. They can't be supported
because it's completely unclear how DBM::Deep should serialize them.

=item * SCALAR / REF

The discussion here refers to the following type of example:

  my $x = 25;
  $db->{key1} = \$x;

  $x = 50;

  # In some other process ...

  my $val = ${ $db->{key1} };

  is( $val, 50, "What actually gets stored in the DB file?" );

The problem is one of synchronization. When the variable being referred to
changes value, the reference isn't notified. This means that the new value won't
be stored in the datafile for other processes to read. There is no TIEREF.

It is theoretically possible to store references to values already within a
DBM::Deep object because everything already is synchronized, but the change to
the internals would be quite large. Specifically, DBM::Deep would have to tie
every single value that is stored. This would bloat the RAM footprint of
DBM::Deep at least twofold (if not more) and be a significant performance drain,
all to support a feature that has never been requested.

=item * CODE

L<Data::Dump::Streamer/> provides a mechanism for serializing coderefs,
including saving off all closure state.  However, just as for SCALAR and REF,
that closure state may change without notifying the DBM::Deep object storing
the reference.

=back

=head2 FILE CORRUPTION

The current level of error handling in DBM::Deep is minimal.  Files I<are> checked
for a 32-bit signature when opened, but other corruption in files can cause
segmentation faults.  DBM::Deep may try to seek() past the end of a file, or get
stuck in an infinite loop depending on the level of corruption.  File write
operations are not checked for failure (for speed), so if you happen to run
out of disk space, DBM::Deep will probably fail in a bad way.  These things will
be addressed in a later version of DBM::Deep.

=head2 DB OVER NFS

Beware of using DBM::Deep files over NFS.  DBM::Deep uses flock(), which works
well on local filesystems, but will NOT protect you from file corruption over
NFS.  I've heard about setting up your NFS server with a locking daemon, then
using lockf() to lock your files, but your mileage may vary there as well.
From what I understand, there is no real way to do it.  However, if you need
access to the underlying filehandle in DBM::Deep for using some other kind of
locking scheme like lockf(), see the L<LOW-LEVEL ACCESS> section above.

=head2 COPYING OBJECTS

Beware of copying tied objects in Perl.  Very strange things can happen.
Instead, use DBM::Deep's C<clone()> method which safely copies the object and
returns a new, blessed, tied hash or array to the same level in the DB.

  my $copy = $db->clone();

B<Note>: Since clone() here is cloning the object, not the database location, any
modifications to either $db or $copy will be visible to both.

=head2 LARGE ARRAYS

Beware of using C<shift()>, C<unshift()> or C<splice()> with large arrays.
These functions cause every element in the array to move, which can be murder
on DBM::Deep, as every element has to be fetched from disk, then stored again in
a different location.  This will be addressed in a future version.

=head2 WRITEONLY FILES

If you pass in a filehandle to new(), you may have opened it in either a readonly or
writeonly mode. STORE will verify that the filehandle is writable. However, there
doesn't seem to be a good way to determine if a filehandle is readable. And, if the
filehandle isn't readable, it's not clear what will happen. So, don't do that.

=head1 CODE COVERAGE

B<Devel::Cover> is used to test the code coverage of the tests. Below is the
B<Devel::Cover> report on this distribution's test suite.

  ---------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
  File                           stmt   bran   cond    sub    pod   time  total
  ---------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
  blib/lib/DBM/Deep.pm           87.7   81.0   81.0   93.9   89.5    4.2   87.2
  blib/lib/DBM/Deep/Array.pm     95.9   88.3  100.0   96.4  100.0    4.9   94.5
  blib/lib/DBM/Deep/Engine.pm    94.3   83.9   78.0   94.6    0.0   60.0   87.9
  blib/lib/DBM/Deep/File.pm      88.5   76.2   45.5   93.8    0.0   28.9   78.8
  blib/lib/DBM/Deep/Hash.pm      98.5   83.3  100.0  100.0  100.0    2.1   96.3
  Total                          93.0   83.4   77.5   95.0   31.6  100.0   88.3
  ---------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
=head1 MORE INFORMATION

Check out the DBM::Deep Google Group at L<http://groups.google.com/group/DBM-Deep>
or send email to L<DBM-Deep@googlegroups.com>. You can also visit #dbm-deep on
irc.perl.org

The source code repository is at L<http://svn.perl.org/modules/DBM-Deep>

=head1 MAINTAINER(S)

Rob Kinyon, L<rkinyon@cpan.org>

Originally written by Joseph Huckaby, L<jhuckaby@cpan.org>

Special thanks to Adam Sah and Rich Gaushell!  You know why :-)

Additional thanks go out to Stonehenge who have sponsored the 1.00 release.

=head1 SEE ALSO

perltie(1), Tie::Hash(3), Digest::MD5(3), Fcntl(3), flock(2), lockf(3), nfs(5),
Digest::SHA256(3), Crypt::Blowfish(3), Compress::Zlib(3)

=head1 LICENSE

Copyright (c) 2007 Rob Kinyon.  All Rights Reserved.
This is free software, you may use it and distribute it under the
same terms as Perl itself.

=cut