[dbsrgits/DBM-Deep.git] / lib / DBM / Deep / Engine.pm

package DBM::Deep::Engine;

use 5.6.0;

use strict;
use warnings;

use Fcntl qw( :DEFAULT :flock :seek );
use Scalar::Util ();

# File-wide notes:
# * All the local($/,$\); are to protect read() and print() from -l.
# * To add to bucket_size, make sure you modify the following:
#   - calculate_sizes()
#   - _get_key_subloc()
#   - add_bucket() - where the buckets are printed

##
# Setup file and tag signatures.  These should never change.
##
sub SIG_FILE     () { 'DPDB' }
sub SIG_HEADER   () { 'h'    }
sub SIG_INTERNAL () { 'i'    }
sub SIG_HASH     () { 'H'    }
sub SIG_ARRAY    () { 'A'    }
sub SIG_NULL     () { 'N'    }
sub SIG_DATA     () { 'D'    }
sub SIG_INDEX    () { 'I'    }
sub SIG_BLIST    () { 'B'    }
sub SIG_FREE     () { 'F'    }
sub SIG_SIZE     () {  1     }

sub new {
    my $class = shift;
    my ($args) = @_;

    my $self = bless {
        long_size   => 4,
        long_pack   => 'N',
        data_size   => 4,
        data_pack   => 'N',

        digest      => \&Digest::MD5::md5,
        hash_size   => 16,

        ##
        # Maximum number of buckets per list before another level of indexing is
        # done. Increase this value for slightly greater speed, but larger database
        # files. DO NOT decrease this value below 16, due to risk of recursive
        # reindex overrun.
        ##
        max_buckets => 16,

        fileobj => undef,
        obj     => undef,
    }, $class;

    if ( defined $args->{pack_size} ) {
        if ( lc $args->{pack_size} eq 'small' ) {
            $args->{long_size} = 2;
            $args->{long_pack} = 'n';
        }
        elsif ( lc $args->{pack_size} eq 'medium' ) {
            $args->{long_size} = 4;
            $args->{long_pack} = 'N';
        }
        elsif ( lc $args->{pack_size} eq 'large' ) {
            $args->{long_size} = 8;
            $args->{long_pack} = 'Q';
        }
        else {
            die "Unknown pack_size value: '$args->{pack_size}'\n";
        }
    }

    # Grab the parameters we want to use
    foreach my $param ( keys %$self ) {
        next unless exists $args->{$param};
        $self->{$param} = $args->{$param};
    }
    Scalar::Util::weaken( $self->{obj} ) if $self->{obj};

    if ( $self->{max_buckets} < 16 ) {
        warn "Floor of max_buckets is 16. Setting it to 16 from '$self->{max_buckets}'\n";
        $self->{max_buckets} = 16;
    }

    return $self;
}

sub _fileobj { return $_[0]{fileobj} }
sub _fh      { return $_[0]->_fileobj->{fh} }

sub calculate_sizes {
    my $self = shift;

    #XXX Does this need to be updated with different hashing algorithms?
    $self->{index_size}       = (2**8) * $self->{long_size};
    $self->{bucket_size}      = $self->{hash_size} + $self->{long_size} * 3;
    $self->{bucket_list_size} = $self->{max_buckets} * $self->{bucket_size};

    return;
}

sub write_file_header {
    my $self = shift;

    local($/,$\);

    my $fh = $self->_fh;

    my $loc = $self->_request_space( length( SIG_FILE ) + 21 );
    seek($fh, $loc + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);
    print( $fh
        SIG_FILE,
        SIG_HEADER,
        pack('N', 1),  # header version
        pack('N', 12), # header size
        pack('N', 0),  # currently running transaction IDs
        pack('n', $self->{long_size}),
        pack('A', $self->{long_pack}),
        pack('n', $self->{data_size}),
        pack('A', $self->{data_pack}),
        pack('n', $self->{max_buckets}),
    );

    $self->_fileobj->set_transaction_offset( 13 );

    return;
}

sub read_file_header {
    my $self = shift;

    local($/,$\);

    my $fh = $self->_fh;

    seek($fh, 0 + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);
    my $buffer;
    my $bytes_read = read( $fh, $buffer, length(SIG_FILE) + 9 );

    return unless $bytes_read;

    my ($file_signature, $sig_header, $header_version, $size) = unpack(
        'A4 A N N', $buffer
    );

    unless ( $file_signature eq SIG_FILE ) {
        $self->_fileobj->close;
        $self->_throw_error( "Signature not found -- file is not a Deep DB" );
    }

    unless ( $sig_header eq SIG_HEADER ) {
        $self->_fileobj->close;
        $self->_throw_error( "Old file version found." );
    }

    my $buffer2;
    $bytes_read += read( $fh, $buffer2, $size );
    my ($running_transactions, @values) = unpack( 'N n A n A n', $buffer2 );

    $self->_fileobj->set_transaction_offset( 13 );

    if ( @values < 5 || grep { !defined } @values ) {
        $self->_fileobj->close;
        $self->_throw_error("Corrupted file - bad header");
    }

    #XXX Add warnings if values weren't set right
    @{$self}{qw(long_size long_pack data_size data_pack max_buckets)} = @values;

    return $bytes_read;
}

sub setup_fh {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($obj) = @_;

    local($/,$\);

    my $fh = $self->_fh;
    flock $fh, LOCK_EX;

    #XXX The duplication of calculate_sizes needs to go away
    unless ( $obj->{base_offset} ) {
        my $bytes_read = $self->read_file_header;

        $self->calculate_sizes;

        ##
        # File is empty -- write header and master index
        ##
        if (!$bytes_read) {
            $self->_fileobj->audit( "# Database created on" );

            $self->write_file_header;

            $obj->{base_offset} = $self->_request_space( $self->tag_size( $self->{index_size} ) );

            $self->write_tag(
                $obj->_base_offset, $obj->_type,
                chr(0)x$self->{index_size},
            );

            # Flush the filehandle
            my $old_fh = select $fh;
            my $old_af = $|; $| = 1; $| = $old_af;
            select $old_fh;
        }
        else {
            $obj->{base_offset} = $bytes_read;

            ##
            # Get our type from master index header
            ##
            my $tag = $self->load_tag($obj->_base_offset);
            unless ( $tag ) {
                flock $fh, LOCK_UN;
                $self->_throw_error("Corrupted file, no master index record");
            }

            unless ($obj->_type eq $tag->{signature}) {
                flock $fh, LOCK_UN;
                $self->_throw_error("File type mismatch");
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        $self->calculate_sizes;
    }

    #XXX We have to make sure we don't mess up when autoflush isn't turned on
    unless ( $self->_fileobj->{inode} ) {
        my @stats = stat($fh);
        $self->_fileobj->{inode} = $stats[1];
        $self->_fileobj->{end} = $stats[7];
    }

    flock $fh, LOCK_UN;

    return 1;
}

sub tag_size {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($size) = @_;
    return SIG_SIZE + $self->{data_size} + $size;
}

sub write_tag {
    ##
    # Given offset, signature and content, create tag and write to disk
    ##
    my $self = shift;
    my ($offset, $sig, $content) = @_;
    my $size = length( $content );

    local($/,$\);

    my $fh = $self->_fh;

    if ( defined $offset ) {
        seek($fh, $offset + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);
    }

    print( $fh $sig . pack($self->{data_pack}, $size) . $content );

    return unless defined $offset;

    return {
        signature => $sig,
        size => $size,
        offset => $offset + SIG_SIZE + $self->{data_size},
        content => $content
    };
}

sub load_tag {
    ##
    # Given offset, load single tag and return signature, size and data
    ##
    my $self = shift;
    my ($offset) = @_;

    local($/,$\);

#    print join(':',map{$_||''}caller(1)), $/;

    my $fh = $self->_fh;

    seek($fh, $offset + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);

    #XXX I'm not sure this check will work if autoflush isn't enabled ...
    return if eof $fh;

    my $b;
    read( $fh, $b, SIG_SIZE + $self->{data_size} );
    my ($sig, $size) = unpack( "A $self->{data_pack}", $b );

    my $buffer;
    read( $fh, $buffer, $size);

    return {
        signature => $sig,
        size => $size,
        offset => $offset + SIG_SIZE + $self->{data_size},
        content => $buffer
    };
}

sub _get_dbm_object {
    my $item = shift;

    my $obj = eval {
        local $SIG{__DIE__};
        if ($item->isa( 'DBM::Deep' )) {
            return $item;
        }
        return;
    };
    return $obj if $obj;

    my $r = Scalar::Util::reftype( $item ) || '';
    if ( $r eq 'HASH' ) {
        my $obj = eval {
            local $SIG{__DIE__};
            my $obj = tied(%$item);
            if ($obj->isa( 'DBM::Deep' )) {
                return $obj;
            }
            return;
        };
        return $obj if $obj;
    }
    elsif ( $r eq 'ARRAY' ) {
        my $obj = eval {
            local $SIG{__DIE__};
            my $obj = tied(@$item);
            if ($obj->isa( 'DBM::Deep' )) {
                return $obj;
            }
            return;
        };
        return $obj if $obj;
    }

    return;
}

sub _length_needed {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($value, $key) = @_;

    my $is_dbm_deep = eval {
        local $SIG{'__DIE__'};
        $value->isa( 'DBM::Deep' );
    };

    my $len = SIG_SIZE + $self->{data_size}
            + $self->{data_size} + length( $key );

    if ( $is_dbm_deep && $value->_fileobj eq $self->_fileobj ) {
        return $len + $self->{long_size};
    }

    my $r = Scalar::Util::reftype( $value ) || '';
    if ( $self->_fileobj->{autobless} ) {
        # This is for the bit saying whether or not this thing is blessed.
        $len += 1;
    }

    unless ( $r eq 'HASH' || $r eq 'ARRAY' ) {
        if ( defined $value ) {
            $len += length( $value );
        }
        return $len;
    }

    $len += $self->{index_size};

    # if autobless is enabled, must also take into consideration
    # the class name as it is stored after the key.
    if ( $self->_fileobj->{autobless} ) {
        my $c = Scalar::Util::blessed($value);
        if ( defined $c && !$is_dbm_deep ) {
            $len += $self->{data_size} + length($c);
        }
    }

    return $len;
}

sub add_bucket {
    ##
    # Adds one key/value pair to bucket list, given offset, MD5 digest of key,
    # plain (undigested) key and value.
    ##
    my $self = shift;
    my ($tag, $md5, $plain_key, $value, $deleted, $orig_key) = @_;
    $deleted ||= 0;

    local($/,$\);

    # This verifies that only supported values will be stored.
    {
        my $r = Scalar::Util::reftype( $value );
        last if !defined $r;

        last if $r eq 'HASH';
        last if $r eq 'ARRAY';

        $self->_throw_error(
            "Storage of variables of type '$r' is not supported."
        );
    }

    my $location = 0;
    my $result = 2;

    my $root = $self->_fileobj;
    my $fh   = $self->_fh;

    my $actual_length = $self->_length_needed( $value, $plain_key );

    #ACID - This is a mutation. Must only find the exact transaction
    my ($subloc, $offset, $size,$is_deleted) = $self->_find_in_buckets( $tag, $md5, 1 );

    my @transactions;
    if ( $self->_fileobj->transaction_id == 0 ) {
        @transactions = $self->_fileobj->current_transactions;
    }

#    $self->_release_space( $size, $subloc );
    # Updating a known md5
#XXX This needs updating to use _release_space
    if ( $subloc ) {
        $result = 1;

        if ($actual_length <= $size) {
            $location = $subloc;
        }
        else {
            $location = $self->_request_space( $actual_length );
            seek(
                $fh,
                $tag->{offset} + $offset
              + $self->{hash_size} + $root->{file_offset},
                SEEK_SET,
            );
            print( $fh pack($self->{long_pack}, $location ) );
            print( $fh pack($self->{long_pack}, $actual_length ) );
            print( $fh pack('n n', $root->transaction_id, $deleted ) );
        }
    }
    # Adding a new md5
    elsif ( defined $offset ) {
        $location = $self->_request_space( $actual_length );

        seek( $fh, $tag->{offset} + $offset + $root->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET );
        print( $fh $md5 . pack($self->{long_pack}, $location ) );
        print( $fh pack($self->{long_pack}, $actual_length ) );
        print( $fh pack('n n', $root->transaction_id, $deleted ) );

        for ( @transactions ) {
            my $tag2 = $self->load_tag( $tag->{offset} - SIG_SIZE - $self->{data_size} );
            $self->_fileobj->{transaction_id} = $_;
            $self->add_bucket( $tag2, $md5, '', '', 1, $orig_key );
            $self->_fileobj->{transaction_id} = 0;
        }
    }
    # If bucket didn't fit into list, split into a new index level
    # split_index() will do the _request_space() call
    else {
        $location = $self->split_index( $md5, $tag );
    }

    $self->write_value( $location, $plain_key, $value, $orig_key );

    return $result;
}

sub write_value {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($location, $key, $value, $orig_key) = @_;

    local($/,$\);

    my $fh = $self->_fh;
    my $root = $self->_fileobj;

    my $dbm_deep_obj = _get_dbm_object( $value );
    if ( $dbm_deep_obj && $dbm_deep_obj->_fileobj ne $self->_fileobj ) {
        $self->_throw_error( "Cannot cross-reference. Use export() instead" );
    }

    seek($fh, $location + $root->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);

    ##
    # Write signature based on content type, set content length and write
    # actual value.
    ##
    my $r = Scalar::Util::reftype( $value ) || '';
    if ( $dbm_deep_obj ) {
        $self->write_tag( undef, SIG_INTERNAL,pack($self->{long_pack}, $dbm_deep_obj->_base_offset) );
    }
    elsif ($r eq 'HASH') {
        if ( !$dbm_deep_obj && tied %{$value} ) {
            $self->_throw_error( "Cannot store something that is tied" );
        }
        $self->write_tag( undef, SIG_HASH, chr(0)x$self->{index_size} );
    }
    elsif ($r eq 'ARRAY') {
        if ( !$dbm_deep_obj && tied @{$value} ) {
            $self->_throw_error( "Cannot store something that is tied" );
        }
        $self->write_tag( undef, SIG_ARRAY, chr(0)x$self->{index_size} );
    }
    elsif (!defined($value)) {
        $self->write_tag( undef, SIG_NULL, '' );
    }
    else {
        $self->write_tag( undef, SIG_DATA, $value );
    }

    ##
    # Plain key is stored AFTER value, as keys are typically fetched less often.
    ##
    print( $fh pack($self->{data_pack}, length($key)) . $key );

    # Internal references don't care about autobless
    return 1 if $dbm_deep_obj;

    ##
    # If value is blessed, preserve class name
    ##
    if ( $root->{autobless} ) {
        my $c = Scalar::Util::blessed($value);
        if ( defined $c && !$dbm_deep_obj ) {
            print( $fh chr(1) );
            print( $fh pack($self->{data_pack}, length($c)) . $c );
        }
        else {
            print( $fh chr(0) );
        }
    }

    ##
    # Tie the passed in reference so that changes to it are reflected in the
    # datafile. The use of $location as the base_offset will act as the
    # the linkage between parent and child.
    #
    # The overall assignment is a hack around the fact that just tying doesn't
    # store the values. This may not be the wrong thing to do.
    ##
    if ($r eq 'HASH') {
        my %x = %$value;
        tie %$value, 'DBM::Deep', {
            base_offset => $location,
            fileobj     => $root,
            parent      => $self->{obj},
            parent_key  => $orig_key,
        };
        %$value = %x;
    }
    elsif ($r eq 'ARRAY') {
        my @x = @$value;
        tie @$value, 'DBM::Deep', {
            base_offset => $location,
            fileobj     => $root,
            parent      => $self->{obj},
            parent_key  => $orig_key,
        };
        @$value = @x;
    }

    return 1;
}

sub split_index {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($md5, $tag) = @_;

    local($/,$\);

    my $fh = $self->_fh;
    my $root = $self->_fileobj;

    my $loc = $self->_request_space(
        $self->tag_size( $self->{index_size} ),
    );

    seek($fh, $tag->{ref_loc} + $root->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);
    print( $fh pack($self->{long_pack}, $loc) );

    my $index_tag = $self->write_tag(
        $loc, SIG_INDEX,
        chr(0)x$self->{index_size},
    );

    my $newtag_loc = $self->_request_space(
        $self->tag_size( $self->{bucket_list_size} ),
    );

    my $keys = $tag->{content}
             . $md5 . pack($self->{long_pack}, $newtag_loc)
                    . pack($self->{long_pack}, 0)  # size
                    . pack($self->{long_pack}, 0); # transaction ID

    my @newloc = ();
    BUCKET:
    for (my $i = 0; $i <= $self->{max_buckets}; $i++) {
        my ($key, $old_subloc, $size) = $self->_get_key_subloc( $keys, $i );

        die "[INTERNAL ERROR]: No key in split_index()\n" unless $key;
        die "[INTERNAL ERROR]: No subloc in split_index()\n" unless $old_subloc;

        my $num = ord(substr($key, $tag->{ch} + 1, 1));

        if ($newloc[$num]) {
            seek($fh, $newloc[$num] + $root->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);
            my $subkeys;
            read( $fh, $subkeys, $self->{bucket_list_size});

            # This is looking for the first empty spot
            my ($subloc, $offset, $size) = $self->_find_in_buckets(
                { content => $subkeys }, '',
            );

            seek($fh, $newloc[$num] + $offset + $root->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);
            print( $fh $key . pack($self->{long_pack}, $old_subloc) );

            next;
        }

        seek($fh, $index_tag->{offset} + ($num * $self->{long_size}) + $root->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);

        my $loc = $self->_request_space(
            $self->tag_size( $self->{bucket_list_size} ),
        );

        print( $fh pack($self->{long_pack}, $loc) );

        my $blist_tag = $self->write_tag(
            $loc, SIG_BLIST,
            chr(0)x$self->{bucket_list_size},
        );

        seek($fh, $blist_tag->{offset} + $root->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);
        print( $fh $key . pack($self->{long_pack}, $old_subloc) );

        $newloc[$num] = $blist_tag->{offset};
    }

    $self->_release_space(
        $self->tag_size( $self->{bucket_list_size} ),
        $tag->{offset} - SIG_SIZE - $self->{data_size},
    );

    return $newtag_loc;
}

sub read_from_loc {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($subloc, $orig_key) = @_;

    local($/,$\);

    my $fh = $self->_fh;

    ##
    # Found match -- seek to offset and read signature
    ##
    my $signature;
    seek($fh, $subloc + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);
    read( $fh, $signature, SIG_SIZE);

    ##
    # If value is a hash or array, return new DBM::Deep object with correct offset
    ##
    if (($signature eq SIG_HASH) || ($signature eq SIG_ARRAY)) {
        my $new_obj = DBM::Deep->new({
            type        => $signature,
            base_offset => $subloc,
            fileobj     => $self->_fileobj,
            parent      => $self->{obj},
            parent_key  => $orig_key,
        });

        if ($new_obj->_fileobj->{autobless}) {
            ##
            # Skip over value and plain key to see if object needs
            # to be re-blessed
            ##
            seek($fh, $self->{data_size} + $self->{index_size}, SEEK_CUR);

            my $size;
            read( $fh, $size, $self->{data_size});
            $size = unpack($self->{data_pack}, $size);
            if ($size) { seek($fh, $size, SEEK_CUR); }

            my $bless_bit;
            read( $fh, $bless_bit, 1);
            if (ord($bless_bit)) {
                ##
                # Yes, object needs to be re-blessed
                ##
                my $class_name;
                read( $fh, $size, $self->{data_size});
                $size = unpack($self->{data_pack}, $size);
                if ($size) { read( $fh, $class_name, $size); }
                if ($class_name) { $new_obj = bless( $new_obj, $class_name ); }
            }
        }

        return $new_obj;
    }
    elsif ( $signature eq SIG_INTERNAL ) {
        my $size;
        read( $fh, $size, $self->{data_size});
        $size = unpack($self->{data_pack}, $size);

        if ( $size ) {
            my $new_loc;
            read( $fh, $new_loc, $size );
            $new_loc = unpack( $self->{long_pack}, $new_loc );

            return $self->read_from_loc( $new_loc, $orig_key );
        }
        else {
            return;
        }
    }
    ##
    # Otherwise return actual value
    ##
    elsif ( $signature eq SIG_DATA ) {
        my $size;
        read( $fh, $size, $self->{data_size});
        $size = unpack($self->{data_pack}, $size);

        my $value = '';
        if ($size) { read( $fh, $value, $size); }
        return $value;
    }

    ##
    # Key exists, but content is null
    ##
    return;
}

sub get_bucket_value {
    ##
    # Fetch single value given tag and MD5 digested key.
    ##
    my $self = shift;
    my ($tag, $md5, $orig_key) = @_;

    #ACID - This is a read. Can find exact or HEAD
    my ($subloc, $offset, $size,$is_deleted) = $self->_find_in_buckets( $tag, $md5 );
    if ( $subloc && !$is_deleted ) {
        return $self->read_from_loc( $subloc, $orig_key );
    }
    return;
}

sub delete_bucket {
    ##
    # Delete single key/value pair given tag and MD5 digested key.
    ##
    my $self = shift;
    my ($tag, $md5, $orig_key) = @_;

    local($/,$\);

    #ACID - This is a mutation. Must only find the exact transaction
    my ($subloc, $offset, $size) = $self->_find_in_buckets( $tag, $md5, 1 );
#XXX This needs _release_space()
    if ( $subloc ) {
        my $fh = $self->_fh;
        seek($fh, $tag->{offset} + $offset + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);
        print( $fh substr($tag->{content}, $offset + $self->{bucket_size} ) );
        print( $fh chr(0) x $self->{bucket_size} );

        return 1;
    }
    return;
}

sub bucket_exists {
    ##
    # Check existence of single key given tag and MD5 digested key.
    ##
    my $self = shift;
    my ($tag, $md5) = @_;

    #ACID - This is a read. Can find exact or HEAD
    my ($subloc, $offset, $size, $is_deleted) = $self->_find_in_buckets( $tag, $md5 );
    return ($subloc && !$is_deleted) && 1;
}

sub find_bucket_list {
    ##
    # Locate offset for bucket list, given digested key
    ##
    my $self = shift;
    my ($offset, $md5, $args) = @_;
    $args = {} unless $args;

    local($/,$\);

    ##
    # Locate offset for bucket list using digest index system
    ##
    my $tag = $self->load_tag( $offset )
        or $self->_throw_error( "INTERNAL ERROR - Cannot find tag" );

    my $ch = 0;
    while ($tag->{signature} ne SIG_BLIST) {
        my $num = ord substr($md5, $ch, 1);

        my $ref_loc = $tag->{offset} + ($num * $self->{long_size});
        $tag = $self->index_lookup( $tag, $num );

        if (!$tag) {
            return if !$args->{create};

            my $loc = $self->_request_space(
                $self->tag_size( $self->{bucket_list_size} ),
            );

            my $fh = $self->_fh;
            seek($fh, $ref_loc + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);
            print( $fh pack($self->{long_pack}, $loc) );

            $tag = $self->write_tag(
                $loc, SIG_BLIST,
                chr(0)x$self->{bucket_list_size},
            );

            $tag->{ref_loc} = $ref_loc;
            $tag->{ch} = $ch;

            last;
        }

        $tag->{ch} = $ch++;
        $tag->{ref_loc} = $ref_loc;
    }

    return $tag;
}

sub index_lookup {
    ##
    # Given index tag, lookup single entry in index and return .
    ##
    my $self = shift;
    my ($tag, $index) = @_;

    my $location = unpack(
        $self->{long_pack},
        substr(
            $tag->{content},
            $index * $self->{long_size},
            $self->{long_size},
        ),
    );

    if (!$location) { return; }

    return $self->load_tag( $location );
}

sub traverse_index {
    ##
    # Scan index and recursively step into deeper levels, looking for next key.
    ##
    my $self = shift;
    my ($obj, $offset, $ch, $force_return_next) = @_;

    local($/,$\);

    my $tag = $self->load_tag( $offset );

    my $fh = $self->_fh;

    if ($tag->{signature} ne SIG_BLIST) {
        my $content = $tag->{content};
        my $start = $obj->{return_next} ? 0 : ord(substr($obj->{prev_md5}, $ch, 1));

        for (my $idx = $start; $idx < (2**8); $idx++) {
            my $subloc = unpack(
                $self->{long_pack},
                substr(
                    $content,
                    $idx * $self->{long_size},
                    $self->{long_size},
                ),
            );

            if ($subloc) {
                my $result = $self->traverse_index(
                    $obj, $subloc, $ch + 1, $force_return_next,
                );

                if (defined($result)) { return $result; }
            }
        } # index loop

        $obj->{return_next} = 1;
    } # tag is an index

    else {
        my $keys = $tag->{content};
        if ($force_return_next) { $obj->{return_next} = 1; }

        ##
        # Iterate through buckets, looking for a key match
        ##
        for (my $i = 0; $i < $self->{max_buckets}; $i++) {
            my ($key, $subloc) = $self->_get_key_subloc( $keys, $i );

            # End of bucket list -- return to outer loop
            if (!$subloc) {
                $obj->{return_next} = 1;
                last;
            }
            # Located previous key -- return next one found
            elsif ($key eq $obj->{prev_md5}) {
                $obj->{return_next} = 1;
                next;
            }
            # Seek to bucket location and skip over signature
            elsif ($obj->{return_next}) {
                seek($fh, $subloc + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET);

                # Skip over value to get to plain key
                my $sig;
                read( $fh, $sig, SIG_SIZE );

                my $size;
                read( $fh, $size, $self->{data_size});
                $size = unpack($self->{data_pack}, $size);
                if ($size) { seek($fh, $size, SEEK_CUR); }

                # Read in plain key and return as scalar
                my $plain_key;
                read( $fh, $size, $self->{data_size});
                $size = unpack($self->{data_pack}, $size);
                if ($size) { read( $fh, $plain_key, $size); }

                return $plain_key;
            }
        }

        $obj->{return_next} = 1;
    } # tag is a bucket list

    return;
}

sub get_next_key {
    ##
    # Locate next key, given digested previous one
    ##
    my $self = shift;
    my ($obj) = @_;

    $obj->{prev_md5} = $_[1] ? $_[1] : undef;
    $obj->{return_next} = 0;

    ##
    # If the previous key was not specifed, start at the top and
    # return the first one found.
    ##
    if (!$obj->{prev_md5}) {
        $obj->{prev_md5} = chr(0) x $self->{hash_size};
        $obj->{return_next} = 1;
    }

    return $self->traverse_index( $obj, $obj->_base_offset, 0 );
}

# Utilities

sub _get_key_subloc {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($keys, $idx) = @_;

    my ($key, $subloc, $size, $transaction_id, $is_deleted) = unpack(
        # This is 'a', not 'A'. Please read the pack() documentation for the
        # difference between the two and why it's important.
        "a$self->{hash_size} $self->{long_pack}2 n2",
        substr(
            $keys,
            ($idx * $self->{bucket_size}),
            $self->{bucket_size},
        ),
    );

    return ($key, $subloc, $size, $transaction_id, $is_deleted);
}

sub _find_in_buckets {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($tag, $md5, $exact) = @_;

    my $trans_id = $self->_fileobj->transaction_id;

    my @zero;

    BUCKET:
    for ( my $i = 0; $i < $self->{max_buckets}; $i++ ) {
        my ($key, $subloc, $size, $transaction_id, $is_deleted) = $self->_get_key_subloc(
            $tag->{content}, $i,
        );

        my @rv = ($subloc, $i * $self->{bucket_size}, $size, $is_deleted);

        unless ( $subloc ) {
            if ( !$exact && @zero and $trans_id ) {
                @rv = ($zero[2], $zero[0] * $self->{bucket_size},$zero[3],$is_deleted);
            }
            return @rv;
        }

        next BUCKET if $key ne $md5;

        # Save off the HEAD in case we need it.
        @zero = ($i,$key,$subloc,$size,$transaction_id,$is_deleted) if $transaction_id == 0;

        next BUCKET if $transaction_id != $trans_id;

        return @rv;
    }

    return;
}

sub _request_space {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($size) = @_;

    my $loc = $self->_fileobj->{end};
    $self->_fileobj->{end} += $size;

    return $loc;
}

sub _release_space {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($size, $loc) = @_;

    local($/,$\);

    my $next_loc = 0;

    my $fh = $self->_fh;
    seek( $fh, $loc + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET );
    print( $fh SIG_FREE
        . pack($self->{long_pack}, $size )
        . pack($self->{long_pack}, $next_loc )
    );

    return;
}

sub _throw_error {
    die "DBM::Deep: $_[1]\n";
}

1;
__END__

# This will be added in later, after more refactoring is done. This is an early
# attempt at refactoring on the physical level instead of the virtual level.
sub _read_at {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($spot, $amount, $unpack) = @_;

    local($/,$\);

    my $fh = $self->_fh;
    seek( $fh, $spot + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET );

    my $buffer;
    my $bytes_read = read( $fh, $buffer, $amount );

    if ( $unpack ) {
        $buffer = unpack( $unpack, $buffer );
    }

    if ( wantarray ) {
        return ($buffer, $bytes_read);
    }
    else {
        return $buffer;
    }
}

sub _print_at {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($spot, $data) = @_;

    local($/,$\);

    my $fh = $self->_fh;
    seek( $fh, $spot, SEEK_SET );
    print( $fh $data );

    return;
}

sub get_file_version {
    my $self = shift;

    local($/,$\);

    my $fh = $self->_fh;

    seek( $fh, 13 + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET );
    my $buffer;
    my $bytes_read = read( $fh, $buffer, 4 );
    unless ( $bytes_read == 4 ) {
        $self->_throw_error( "Cannot read file version" );
    }

    return unpack( 'N', $buffer );
}

sub write_file_version {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($new_version) = @_;

    local($/,$\);

    my $fh = $self->_fh;

    seek( $fh, 13 + $self->_fileobj->{file_offset}, SEEK_SET );
    print( $fh pack( 'N', $new_version ) );

    return;
}