Clarification cascade_* attribute defaults documentation
[dbsrgits/DBIx-Class-Historic.git] / lib / DBIx / Class / Manual / FAQ.pod
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81791ac3 1=head1 NAME
2
3DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions (in theory)
4
5=head1 DESCRIPTION
6
7This document is intended as an anti-map of the documentation. If you
8know what you want to do, but not how to do it in L<DBIx::Class>, then
b5871402 9look here. It does B<not> contain much code or examples, it just gives
81791ac3 10explanations and pointers to the correct pieces of documentation to
11read.
12
13=head1 FAQs
14
15How Do I:
16
17=head2 Getting started
18
19=over 4
20
21=item .. create a database to use?
22
23First, choose a database. For testing/experimenting, we reccommend
e147365d 24L<DBD::SQLite>, which is a self-contained small database (i.e. all you
25need to do is to install L<DBD::SQLite> from CPAN, and it's usable).
81791ac3 26
27Next, spend some time defining which data you need to store, and how
28it relates to the other data you have. For some help on normalisation,
30a3e744 29go to L<http://b62.tripod.com/doc/dbbase.htm>.
81791ac3 30
31Now, decide whether you want to have the database itself be the
32definitive source of information about the data layout, or your
33DBIx::Class schema. If it's the former, look up the documentation for
34your database, eg. L<http://sqlite.org/lang_createtable.html>, on how
35to create tables, and start creating them. For a nice universal
36interface to your database, you can try L<DBI::Shell>. If you decided
37on the latter choice, read the FAQ on setting up your classes
38manually, and the one on creating tables from your schema.
39
40=item .. use DBIx::Class with L<Catalyst>?
41
e147365d 42Install L<Catalyst::Model::DBIC::Schema> from CPAN. See its
81791ac3 43documentation, or below, for further details.
44
45=item .. set up my DBIx::Class classes automatically from my database?
46
e147365d 47Install L<DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader> from CPAN, and read its documentation.
81791ac3 48
49=item .. set up my DBIx::Class classes manually?
50
e147365d 51Look at the L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Example> and come back here if you get lost.
81791ac3 52
53=item .. create my database tables from my DBIx::Class schema?
54
55Create your classes manually, as above. Write a script that calls
56L<DBIx::Class::Schema/deploy>. See there for details, or the
57L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
58
7c14c3cf 59=item .. store/retrieve Unicode data in my database?
60
61Make sure you database supports Unicode and set the connect
62attributes appropriately - see
63L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Using Unicode>
64
7f613f3a 65=item .. connect to my database?
66
67Once you have created all the appropriate table/source classes, and an
b5871402 68overall L<Schema|DBIx::Class::Schema> class, you can start using
7f613f3a 69them in an application. To do this, you need to create a central
70Schema object, which is used to access all the data in the various
71tables. See L<DBIx::Class::Schema/connect> for details. The actual
72connection does not happen until you actually request data, so don't
73be alarmed if the error from incorrect connection details happens a
74lot later.
75
63426052 76=item .. use DBIx::Class across multiple databases?
77
78If your database server allows you to run querys across multiple
79databases at once, then so can DBIx::Class. All you need to do is make
80sure you write the database name as part of the
81L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/table> call. Eg:
82
83 __PACKAGE__->table('mydb.mytablename');
84
85And load all the Result classes for both / all databases using one
86L<DBIx::Class::Schema/load_namespaces> call.
87
88=item .. use DBIx::Class across PostgreSQL/DB2/Oracle schemas?
89
90Add the name of the schema to the L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource/table>
91as part of the name, and make sure you give the one user you are going
92to connect with rights to read/write all the schemas/tables as
93necessary.
7f613f3a 94
40f2550b 95=back
81791ac3 96
97=head2 Relationships
98
99=over 4
100
101=item .. tell DBIx::Class about relationships between my tables?
102
2a2ab6ab 103There are a variety of relationship types that come pre-defined for
e147365d 104you to use. These are all listed in L<DBIx::Class::Relationship>. If
105you need a non-standard type, or more information, look in
106L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base>.
81791ac3 107
108=item .. define a one-to-many relationship?
109
e147365d 110This is called a C<has_many> relationship on the one side, and a
111C<belongs_to> relationship on the many side. Currently these need to
112be set up individually on each side. See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship>
113for details.
81791ac3 114
115=item .. define a relationship where this table contains another table's primary key? (foreign key)
116
e147365d 117Create a C<belongs_to> relationship for the field containing the
118foreign key. See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/belongs_to>.
81791ac3 119
40f2550b 120=item .. define a foreign key relationship where the key field may contain NULL?
81791ac3 121
e147365d 122Just create a C<belongs_to> relationship, as above. If the column is
123NULL then the inflation to the foreign object will not happen. This
124has a side effect of not always fetching all the relevant data, if you
125use a nullable foreign-key relationship in a JOIN, then you probably
126want to set the C<join_type> to C<left>.
81791ac3 127
128=item .. define a relationship where the key consists of more than one column?
129
130Instead of supplying a single column name, all relationship types also
131allow you to supply a hashref containing the condition across which
132the tables are to be joined. The condition may contain as many fields
133as you like. See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base>.
134
d22aaf08 135=item .. define a relationship across an intermediate table? (many-to-many)
81791ac3 136
137Read the documentation on L<DBIx::Class::Relationship/many_to_many>.
138
2a2ab6ab 139=item .. stop DBIx::Class from attempting to cascade deletes on my has_many and might_have relationships?
81791ac3 140
141By default, DBIx::Class cascades deletes and updates across
2a2ab6ab 142C<has_many> and C<might_have> relationships. You can disable this
143behaviour on a per-relationship basis by supplying
144C<< cascade_delete => 0 >> in the relationship attributes.
145
146The cascaded operations are performed after the requested delete or
147update, so if your database has a constraint on the relationship, it
148will have deleted/updated the related records or raised an exception
149before DBIx::Class gets to perform the cascaded operation.
150
151See L<DBIx::Class::Relationship>.
81791ac3 152
153=item .. use a relationship?
154
e147365d 155Use its name. An accessor is created using the name. See examples in
156L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Using relationships>.
81791ac3 157
158=back
159
160=head2 Searching
161
162=over 4
163
164=item .. search for data?
165
7f613f3a 166Create a C<$schema> object, as mentioned above in ".. connect to my
e147365d 167database". Find the L<ResultSet|DBIx::Class::Manual::Glossary/ResultSet>
168that you want to search in, and call C<search> on it. See
7f613f3a 169L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search>.
170
81791ac3 171=item .. search using database functions?
172
7f613f3a 173Supplying something like:
174
175 ->search({'mydatefield' => 'now()'})
176
177to search, will probably not do what you expect. It will quote the
178text "now()", instead of trying to call the function. To provide
179literal, unquoted text you need to pass in a scalar reference, like
180so:
181
182 ->search({'mydatefield' => \'now()'})
183
81791ac3 184=item .. sort the results of my search?
185
e147365d 186Supply a list of columns you want to sort by to the C<order_by>
187attribute. See L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/order_by>.
7f613f3a 188
189=item .. sort my results based on fields I've aliased using C<as>?
190
6aafb6a6 191You didn't alias anything, since L<as|DBIx::Class::ResultSet/as>
192B<has nothing to do> with the produced SQL. See
193L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/select> for details.
7f613f3a 194
81791ac3 195=item .. group the results of my search?
196
7f613f3a 197Supply a list of columns you want to group on, to the C<group_by>
198attribute, see L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/group_by>.
199
200=item .. group my results based on fields I've aliased using C<as>?
201
6aafb6a6 202You don't. See the explanation on ordering by an alias above.
b5871402 203
81791ac3 204=item .. filter the results of my search?
205
b5871402 206The first argument to C<search> is a hashref of accessor names and
207values to filter them by, for example:
208
36d41f4c 209 ->search({'created_time' => { '>=', '2006-06-01 00:00:00' } })
b5871402 210
f6a14bd4 211Note that to use a function here you need to make it a scalar
212reference:
b5871402 213
f6a14bd4 214 ->search({'created_time' => { '>=', \'yesterday()' } })
b5871402 215
81791ac3 216=item .. search in several tables simultaneously?
217
b5871402 218To search in two related tables, you first need to set up appropriate
219relationships between their respective classes. When searching you
220then supply the name of the relationship to the C<join> attribute in
221your search, for example when searching in the Books table for all the
222books by the author "Fred Bloggs":
223
36d41f4c 224 ->search({'authors.name' => 'Fred Bloggs'}, { join => 'authors' })
b5871402 225
226The type of join created in your SQL depends on the type of
227relationship between the two tables, see L<DBIx::Class::Relationship>
228for the join used by each relationship.
229
7f613f3a 230=item .. create joins with conditions other than column equality?
231
b5871402 232Currently, L<DBIx::Class> can only create join conditions using
f7a90adc 233equality, so you're probably better off creating a C<view> in your
e147365d 234database, and using that as your source. A C<view> is a stored SQL
235query, which can be accessed similarly to a table, see your database
f7a90adc 236documentation for details.
b5871402 237
1c133e22 238=item .. search with an SQL function on the left hand side?
239
240To use an SQL function on the left hand side of a comparison:
241
0a7ed5b0 242 ->search({ -nest => \[ 'YEAR(date_of_birth) = ?', [ plain_value => 1979 ] ] });
49187c4f 243
0a7ed5b0 244Note: the C<plain_value> string in the C<< [ plain_value => 1979 ] >> part
245should be either the same as the name of the column (do this if the type of the
246return value of the function is the same as the type of the column) or
247otherwise it's essentially a dummy string currently (use C<plain_value> as a
248habit). It is used by L<DBIx::Class> to handle special column types.
1c133e22 249
250Or, if you have quoting off:
251
dc64f1b5 252 ->search({ 'YEAR(date_of_birth)' => 1979 });
1c133e22 253
81791ac3 254=item .. find more help on constructing searches?
255
256Behind the scenes, DBIx::Class uses L<SQL::Abstract> to help construct
e147365d 257its SQL searches. So if you fail to find help in the
81791ac3 258L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>, try looking in the SQL::Abstract
259documentation.
260
f4db0d90 261=item .. make searches in Oracle (10gR2 and newer) case-insensitive?
262
263To make Oracle behave like most RDBMS use on_connect_do to issue
264alter session statements on database connection establishment:
265
266 ->on_connect_do("ALTER SESSION SET NLS_COMP = 'LINGUISTIC'");
267 ->on_connect_do("ALTER SESSION SET NLS_SORT = '<NLS>_CI'");
268 e.g.
269 ->on_connect_do("ALTER SESSION SET NLS_SORT = 'BINARY_CI'");
270 ->on_connect_do("ALTER SESSION SET NLS_SORT = 'GERMAN_CI'");
271
272
81791ac3 273=back
274
275=head2 Fetching data
276
277=over 4
278
d6702eab 279=item .. fetch as much data as possible in as few select calls as possible?
81791ac3 280
b5871402 281See the prefetch examples in the L<Cookbook|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook>.
81791ac3 282
d6702eab 283=item .. fetch a whole column of data instead of a row?
284
40f2550b 285Call C<get_column> on a L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet>. This returns a
286L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>. See its documentation and the
d6702eab 287L<Cookbook|DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook> for details.
288
1697e138 289=item .. fetch a formatted column?
290
291In your table schema class, create a "private" column accessor with:
292
2acfa83c 293 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(my_column => { accessor => '_hidden_my_column' });
1697e138 294
295Then, in the same class, implement a subroutine called "my_column" that
296fetches the real value and does the formatting you want.
297
298See the Cookbook for more details.
299
2486df86 300=item .. fetch a single (or topmost) row?
301
38fc8cf6 302See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Retrieve_one_and_only_one_row_from_a_resultset>.
2486df86 303
38fc8cf6 304A less readable way is to ask a regular search to return 1 row, using
305L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/slice>:
2486df86 306
2a2ab6ab 307 ->search->(undef, { order_by => "id DESC" })->slice(0)
2486df86 308
38fc8cf6 309which (if supported by the database) will use LIMIT/OFFSET to hint to the
310database that we really only need one row. This can result in a significant
311speed improvement. The method using L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/single> mentioned
312in the cookbook can do the same if you pass a C<rows> attribute to the search.
2486df86 313
aefa6508 314=item .. refresh a row from storage?
315
316Use L<DBIx::Class::PK/discard_changes>.
317
318 $row->discard_changes
319
320Discarding changes and refreshing from storage are two sides fo the same coin. When you
321want to discard your local changes, just re-fetch the row from storage. When you want
322to get a new, fresh copy of the row, just re-fetch the row from storage.
323L<DBIx::Class::PK/discard_changes> does just that by re-fetching the row from storage
324using the row's primary key.
325
dc64f1b5 326=item .. fetch my data a "page" at a time?
327
328Pass the C<rows> and C<page> attributes to your search, eg:
329
330 ->search({}, { rows => 10, page => 1});
331
332=item .. get a count of all rows even when paging?
333
334Call C<pager> on the paged resultset, it will return a L<Data::Page>
335object. Calling C<total_entries> on the pager will return the correct
336total.
337
338C<count> on the resultset will only return the total number in the page.
339
81791ac3 340=back
341
81791ac3 342=head2 Inserting and updating data
343
344=over 4
345
b5871402 346=item .. insert a row with an auto incrementing primary key?
347
348In versions of L<DBIx::Class> less than 0.07, you need to ensure your
349table class loads the L<PK::Auto|DBIx::Class::PK::Auto>
350component. This will attempt to fetch the value of your primary key
351from the database after the insert has happened, and store it in the
352created object. In versions 0.07 and above, this component is
353automatically loaded.
354
355=item .. insert a row with a primary key that uses a sequence?
356
357You need to create a trigger in your database that updates your
358primary key field from the sequence. To help PK::Auto find your
359inserted key, you can tell it the name of the sequence in the
360C<column_info> supplied with C<add_columns>.
361
838ef78d 362 ->add_columns({ id => { sequence => 'mysequence', auto_nextval => 1 } });
b5871402 363
81791ac3 364=item .. insert many rows of data efficiently?
365
fd2a5332 366The C<populate> method in L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> provides
367efficient bulk inserts.
368
81791ac3 369=item .. update a collection of rows at the same time?
370
b5871402 371Create a resultset using a search, to filter the rows of data you
372would like to update, then call update on the resultset to change all
373the rows at once.
374
81791ac3 375=item .. use database functions when updating rows?
376
377=item .. update a column using data from another column?
378
b5871402 379To stop the column name from being quoted, you'll need to supply a
380scalar reference:
381
fb5fb63c 382 ->update({ somecolumn => \'othercolumn' })
b5871402 383
e338dbec 384But note that when using a scalar reference the column in the database
385will be updated but when you read the value from the object with e.g.
40f2550b 386
e338dbec 387 ->somecolumn()
40f2550b 388
e338dbec 389you still get back the scalar reference to the string, B<not> the new
390value in the database. To get that you must refresh the row from storage
391using C<discard_changes()>. Or chain your function calls like this:
392
393 ->update->discard_changes
40f2550b 394
395to update the database and refresh the object in one step.
396
75e75a9f 397=item .. store JSON/YAML in a column and have it deflate/inflate automatically?
1697e138 398
75e75a9f 399You can use L<DBIx::Class::InflateColumn> to accomplish YAML/JSON storage transparently.
400
401If you want to use JSON, then in your table schema class, do the following:
1697e138 402
403 use JSON;
404
405 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/ ... my_column ../)
406 __PACKAGE__->inflate_column('my_column', {
407 inflate => sub { jsonToObj(shift) },
408 deflate => sub { objToJson(shift) },
409 });
410
75e75a9f 411For YAML, in your table schema class, do the following:
412
413 use YAML;
414
415 __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/ ... my_column ../)
416 __PACKAGE__->inflate_column('my_column', {
417 inflate => sub { YAML::Load(shift) },
418 deflate => sub { YAML::Dump(shift) },
419 });
420
421This technique is an easy way to store supplemental unstructured data in a table. Be
422careful not to overuse this capability, however. If you find yourself depending more
423and more on some data within the inflated column, then it may be time to factor that
424data out.
425
81791ac3 426=back
427
a14a46e2 428=head2 Custom methods in Result classes
429
430You can add custom methods that do arbitrary things, even to unrelated tables.
431For example, to provide a C<< $book->foo() >> method which searches the
432cd table, you'd could add this to Book.pm:
433
434 sub foo {
435 my ($self, $col_data) = @_;
436 return $self->result_source->schema->resultset('cd')->search($col_data);
437 }
438
439And invoke that on any Book Result object like so:
440
441 my $rs = $book->foo({ title => 'Down to Earth' });
442
443When two tables ARE related, L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> provides many
444methods to find or create data in related tables for you. But if you want to
445write your own methods, you can.
446
447For example, to provide a C<< $book->foo() >> method to manually implement
448what create_related() from L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base> does, you could
449add this to Book.pm:
450
451 sub foo {
452 my ($self, $relname, $col_data) = @_;
453 return $self->related_resultset($relname)->create($col_data);
454 }
455
456Invoked like this:
457
458 my $author = $book->foo('author', { name => 'Fred' });
459
81791ac3 460=head2 Misc
461
462=over 4
463
464=item How do I store my own (non-db) data in my DBIx::Class objects?
465
b5871402 466You can add your own data accessors to your classes.
467
b7875f2b 468One method is to use the built in mk_group_accessors (via L<Class::Accessor::Grouped>)
469
470 package MyTable;
471
472 use parent 'DBIx::Class';
473
474 __PACKAGE__->table('foo'); #etc
475 __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/non_column_data/); # must use simple group
476
477An another method is to use L<Moose> with your L<DBIx::Class> package.
478
479 package MyTable;
480
481 use Moose; # import Moose
40f2550b 482 use Moose::Util::TypeConstraint; # import Moose accessor type constraints
b7875f2b 483
484 extends 'DBIx::Class'; # Moose changes the way we define our parent (base) package
485
486 has 'non_column_data' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str' ); # define a simple attribute
487
488 __PACKAGE__->table('foo'); # etc
489
490With either of these methods the resulting use of the accesssor would be
491
492 my $row;
493
40f2550b 494 # assume that somewhere in here $row will get assigned to a MyTable row
b7875f2b 495
496 $row->non_column_data('some string'); # would set the non_column_data accessor
497
498 # some other stuff happens here
499
500 $row->update(); # would not inline the non_column_data accessor into the update
501
40f2550b 502
f7a90adc 503=item How do I use DBIx::Class objects in my TT templates?
81791ac3 504
e147365d 505Like normal objects, mostly. However you need to watch out for TT
506calling methods in list context. When calling relationship accessors
507you will not get resultsets, but a list of all the related objects.
508
509Starting with version 0.07, you can use L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet/search_rs>
510to work around this issue.
b5871402 511
81791ac3 512=item See the SQL statements my code is producing?
513
85f78622 514Turn on debugging! See L<DBIx::Class::Storage> for details of how
f7a90adc 515to turn on debugging in the environment, pass your own filehandle to
516save debug to, or create your own callback.
b5871402 517
81791ac3 518=item Why didn't my search run any SQL?
519
b5871402 520L<DBIx::Class> runs the actual SQL statement as late as possible, thus
521if you create a resultset using C<search> in scalar context, no query
522is executed. You can create further resultset refinements by calling
523search again or relationship accessors. The SQL query is only run when
e147365d 524you ask the resultset for an actual row object.
81791ac3 525
e4773415 526=item How do I deal with tables that lack a primary key?
527
528If your table lacks a primary key, DBIx::Class can't work out which row
529it should operate on, for example to delete or update. However, a
530UNIQUE constraint on one or more columns allows DBIx::Class to uniquely
531identify the row, so you can tell L<DBIx::Class::ResultSource> these
532columns act as a primary key, even if they don't from the database's
533point of view:
534
535 $resultset->set_primary_key(@column);
536
bc96f260 537=item How do I make my program start faster?
538
539Look at the tips in L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/"STARTUP SPEED">
540
541=item How do I reduce the overhead of database queries?
542
543You can reduce the overhead of object creation within L<DBIx::Class>
40f2550b 544using the tips in L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/"Skip row object creation for faster results">
bc96f260 545and L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/"Get raw data for blindingly fast results">
546
3e89f284 547=item How do I override a run time method (e.g. a relationship accessor)?
548
549If you need access to the original accessor, then you must "wrap around" the original method.
550You can do that either with L<Moose::Manual::MethodModifiers> or L<Class::Method::Modifiers>.
551The code example works for both modules:
552
553 package Your::Schema::Group;
554 use Class::Method::Modifiers;
555
556 # ... declare columns ...
557
558 __PACKAGE__->has_many('group_servers', 'Your::Schema::GroupServer', 'group_id');
559 __PACKAGE__->many_to_many('servers', 'group_servers', 'server');
560
561 # if the server group is a "super group", then return all servers
562 # otherwise return only servers that belongs to the given group
563 around 'servers' => sub {
564 my $orig = shift;
565 my $self = shift;
566
567 return $self->$orig(@_) unless $self->is_super_group;
568 return $self->result_source->schema->resultset('Server')->all;
569 };
570
571If you just want to override the original method, and don't care about the data
572from the original accessor, then you have two options. Either use
573L<Method::Signatures::Simple> that does most of the work for you, or do
574it the "dirty way".
575
576L<Method::Signatures::Simple> way:
577
578 package Your::Schema::Group;
579 use Method::Signatures::Simple;
580
581 # ... declare columns ...
582
583 __PACKAGE__->has_many('group_servers', 'Your::Schema::GroupServer', 'group_id');
584 __PACKAGE__->many_to_many('servers', 'group_servers', 'server');
585
586 # The method keyword automatically injects the annoying my $self = shift; for you.
587 method servers {
588 return $self->result_source->schema->resultset('Server')->search({ ... });
589 }
590
591The dirty way:
592
593 package Your::Schema::Group;
594 use Sub::Name;
595
596 # ... declare columns ...
597
598 __PACKAGE__->has_many('group_servers', 'Your::Schema::GroupServer', 'group_id');
599 __PACKAGE__->many_to_many('servers', 'group_servers', 'server');
600
601 *servers = subname servers => sub {
602 my $self = shift;
603 return $self->result_source->schema->resultset('Server')->search({ ... });
604 };
605
81791ac3 606=back
462bb847 607
608=head2 Notes for CDBI users
609
610=over 4
611
612=item Is there a way to make an object auto-stringify itself as a
613particular column or group of columns (a-la cdbi Stringfy column
614group, or stringify_self method) ?
615
c6d52fe4 616See L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook/Stringification>
462bb847 617
618=back
acdda5b2 619
620=head2 Troubleshooting
621
622=over 4
623
624=item Help, I can't connect to postgresql!
625
626If you get an error such as:
627
628 DBI connect('dbname=dbic','user',...) failed: could not connect to server:
629 No such file or directory Is the server running locally and accepting
630 connections on Unix domain socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"?
631
632Likely you have/had two copies of postgresql installed simultaneously, the
633second one will use a default port of 5433, while L<DBD::Pg> is compiled with a
634default port of 5432.
635
8f97b72b 636You can change the port setting in C<postgresql.conf>.
acdda5b2 637
e416146e 638=item I've lost or forgotten my mysql password
639
640Stop mysqld and restart it with the --skip-grant-tables option.
641
642Issue the following statements in the mysql client.
643
644 UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
645 FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
646
647Restart mysql.
648
649Taken from:
650
651L<http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/resetting-permissions.html>.
652
acdda5b2 653=back