More descriptive error messages courtesy of Marc Espie

[dbsrgits/DBIx-Class-Historic.git] / lib / DBIx / Class / Manual / Cookbook.pod

=head1 NAME 

DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook - Miscellaneous recipes

=head1 RECIPES

=head2 Searching

=head3 Paged results

When you expect a large number of results, you can ask L<DBIx::Class> for a
paged resultset, which will fetch only a small number of records at a time:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    undef,
    {
      page => 1,  # page to return (defaults to 1)
      rows => 10, # number of results per page
    },
  );

  return $rs->all(); # all records for page 1

The C<page> attribute does not have to be specified in your search:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    undef,
    {
      rows => 10,
    }
  );

  return $rs->page(1); # DBIx::Class::ResultSet containing first 10 records

In either of the above cases, you can return a L<Data::Page> object for the
resultset (suitable for use in e.g. a template) using the C<pager> method:

  return $rs->pager();

=head3 Complex WHERE clauses

Sometimes you need to formulate a query using specific operators:

  my @albums = $schema->resultset('Album')->search({
    artist => { 'like', '%Lamb%' },
    title  => { 'like', '%Fear of Fours%' },
  });

This results in something like the following C<WHERE> clause:

  WHERE artist LIKE '%Lamb%' AND title LIKE '%Fear of Fours%'

Other queries might require slightly more complex logic:

  my @albums = $schema->resultset('Album')->search({
    -or => [
      -and => [
        artist => { 'like', '%Smashing Pumpkins%' },
        title  => 'Siamese Dream',
      ],
      artist => 'Starchildren',
    ],
  });

This results in the following C<WHERE> clause:

  WHERE ( artist LIKE '%Smashing Pumpkins%' AND title = 'Siamese Dream' )
    OR artist = 'Starchildren'

For more information on generating complex queries, see
L<SQL::Abstract/WHERE CLAUSES>.

=head3 Using specific columns

When you only want specific columns from a table, you can use
C<columns> to specify which ones you need. This is useful to avoid
loading columns with large amounts of data that you aren't about to
use anyway:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    undef,
    {
      columns => [qw/ name /]
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT artist.name FROM artist

This is a shortcut for C<select> and C<as>, see below. C<columns>
cannot be used together with C<select> and C<as>.

=head3 Using database functions or stored procedures

The combination of C<select> and C<as> can be used to return the result of a
database function or stored procedure as a column value. You use C<select> to
specify the source for your column value (e.g. a column name, function, or
stored procedure name). You then use C<as> to set the column name you will use
to access the returned value:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {},
    {
      select => [ 'name', { LENGTH => 'name' } ],
      as     => [qw/ name name_length /],
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT name name, LENGTH( name ) name_length
  # FROM artist

If your alias exists as a column in your base class (i.e. it was added
with C<add_columns>), you just access it as normal. Our C<Artist>
class has a C<name> column, so we just use the C<name> accessor:

  my $artist = $rs->first();
  my $name = $artist->name();

If on the other hand the alias does not correspond to an existing column, you
have to fetch the value using the C<get_column> accessor:

  my $name_length = $artist->get_column('name_length');

If you don't like using C<get_column>, you can always create an accessor for
any of your aliases using either of these:

  # Define accessor manually:
  sub name_length { shift->get_column('name_length'); }
    
  # Or use DBIx::Class::AccessorGroup:
  __PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('column' => 'name_length');

=head3 SELECT DISTINCT with multiple columns

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Foo')->search(
    {},
    {
      select => [
        { distinct => [ $source->columns ] }
      ],
      as => [ $source->columns ]
    }
  );

  my $count = $rs->next->get_column('count');

=head3 SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT colname)

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Foo')->search(
    {},
    {
      select => [
        { count => { distinct => 'colname' } }
      ],
      as => [ 'count' ]
    }
  );

=head3 Grouping results

L<DBIx::Class> supports C<GROUP BY> as follows:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {},
    {
      join     => [qw/ cds /],
      select   => [ 'name', { count => 'cds.cdid' } ],
      as       => [qw/ name cd_count /],
      group_by => [qw/ name /]
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT name, COUNT( cds.cdid ) FROM artist me
  # LEFT JOIN cd cds ON ( cds.artist = me.artistid )
  # GROUP BY name

=head3 Predefined searches

You can write your own L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> class by inheriting from it
and define often used searches as methods:

  package My::DBIC::ResultSet::CD;
  use strict;
  use warnings;
  use base 'DBIx::Class::ResultSet';

  sub search_cds_ordered {
      my ($self) = @_;

      return $self->search(
          {},
          { order_by => 'name DESC' },
      );
  }

  1;

To use your resultset, first tell DBIx::Class to create an instance of it
for you, in your My::DBIC::Schema::CD class:

  __PACKAGE__->resultset_class('My::DBIC::ResultSet::CD');

Then call your new method in your code:

   my $ordered_cds = $schema->resultset('CD')->search_cds_ordered();


=head3 Predefined searches without writing a ResultSet class

Alternatively you can automatically generate a DBIx::Class::ResultSet
class by using the ResultSetManager component and tagging your method
as ResultSet:

  __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/ ResultSetManager Core /);

  sub search_cds_ordered : ResultSet {
      my ($self) = @_;
      return $self->search(
          {},
          { order_by => 'name DESC' },
      );
  } 

Then call your method in the same way from your code:

   my $ordered_cds = $schema->resultset('CD')->search_cds_ordered();

=head2 Using joins and prefetch

You can use the C<join> attribute to allow searching on, or sorting your
results by, one or more columns in a related table. To return all CDs matching
a particular artist name:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
    {
      'artist.name' => 'Bob Marley'    
    },
    {
      join => [qw/artist/], # join the artist table
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT cd.* FROM cd
  # JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.id
  # WHERE artist.name = 'Bob Marley'

If required, you can now sort on any column in the related tables by including
it in your C<order_by> attribute:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
    {
      'artist.name' => 'Bob Marley'
    },
    {
      join     => [qw/ artist /],
      order_by => [qw/ artist.name /]
    }
  };

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT cd.* FROM cd
  # JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.id
  # WHERE artist.name = 'Bob Marley'
  # ORDER BY artist.name

Note that the C<join> attribute should only be used when you need to search or
sort using columns in a related table. Joining related tables when you only
need columns from the main table will make performance worse!

Now let's say you want to display a list of CDs, each with the name of the
artist. The following will work fine:

  while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
    print "CD: " . $cd->title . ", Artist: " . $cd->artist->name;
  }

There is a problem however. We have searched both the C<cd> and C<artist> tables
in our main query, but we have only returned data from the C<cd> table. To get
the artist name for any of the CD objects returned, L<DBIx::Class> will go back
to the database:

  SELECT artist.* FROM artist WHERE artist.id = ?

A statement like the one above will run for each and every CD returned by our
main query. Five CDs, five extra queries. A hundred CDs, one hundred extra
queries!

Thankfully, L<DBIx::Class> has a C<prefetch> attribute to solve this problem.
This allows you to fetch results from related tables in advance:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('CD')->search(
    {
      'artist.name' => 'Bob Marley'
    },
    {
      join     => [qw/ artist /],
      order_by => [qw/ artist.name /],
      prefetch => [qw/ artist /] # return artist data too!
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL (note SELECT from both "cd" and "artist"):
  # SELECT cd.*, artist.* FROM cd
  # JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.id
  # WHERE artist.name = 'Bob Marley'
  # ORDER BY artist.name

The code to print the CD list remains the same:

  while (my $cd = $rs->next) {
    print "CD: " . $cd->title . ", Artist: " . $cd->artist->name;
  }

L<DBIx::Class> has now prefetched all matching data from the C<artist> table,
so no additional SQL statements are executed. You now have a much more
efficient query.

Note that as of L<DBIx::Class> 0.05999_01, C<prefetch> I<can> be used with
C<has_many> relationships.

Also note that C<prefetch> should only be used when you know you will
definitely use data from a related table. Pre-fetching related tables when you
only need columns from the main table will make performance worse!

=head3 Multi-step joins

Sometimes you want to join more than one relationship deep. In this example,
we want to find all C<Artist> objects who have C<CD>s whose C<LinerNotes>
contain a specific string:

  # Relationships defined elsewhere:
  # Artist->has_many('cds' => 'CD', 'artist');
  # CD->has_one('liner_notes' => 'LinerNotes', 'cd');

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {
      'liner_notes.notes' => { 'like', '%some text%' },
    },
    {
      join => {
        'cds' => 'liner_notes'
      }
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT artist.* FROM artist
  # JOIN ( cd ON artist.id = cd.artist )
  # JOIN ( liner_notes ON cd.id = liner_notes.cd )
  # WHERE liner_notes.notes LIKE '%some text%'

Joins can be nested to an arbitrary level. So if we decide later that we
want to reduce the number of Artists returned based on who wrote the liner
notes:

  # Relationship defined elsewhere:
  # LinerNotes->belongs_to('author' => 'Person');

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Artist')->search(
    {
      'liner_notes.notes' => { 'like', '%some text%' },
      'author.name' => 'A. Writer'
    },
    {
      join => {
        'cds' => {
          'liner_notes' => 'author'
        }
      }
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT artist.* FROM artist
  # JOIN ( cd ON artist.id = cd.artist )
  # JOIN ( liner_notes ON cd.id = liner_notes.cd )
  # JOIN ( author ON author.id = liner_notes.author )
  # WHERE liner_notes.notes LIKE '%some text%'
  # AND author.name = 'A. Writer'

=head2 Multi-step prefetch

From 0.04999_05 onwards, C<prefetch> can be nested more than one relationship
deep using the same syntax as a multi-step join:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Tag')->search(
    {},
    {
      prefetch => {
        cd => 'artist'
      }
    }
  );

  # Equivalent SQL:
  # SELECT tag.*, cd.*, artist.* FROM tag
  # JOIN cd ON tag.cd = cd.cdid
  # JOIN artist ON cd.artist = artist.artistid

Now accessing our C<cd> and C<artist> relationships does not need additional
SQL statements:

  my $tag = $rs->first;
  print $tag->cd->artist->name;

=head2 Columns of data

If you want to find the sum of a particular column there are several
ways, the obvious one is to use search:

  my $rs = $schema->resultset('Items')->search(
    {},
    { 
       select => [ { sum => 'Cost' } ],
       as     => [ 'total_cost' ],
    }
  );
  my $tc = $rs->first->get_column('total_cost');

Or, you can use the L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn>, which gets
returned when you ask the C<ResultSet> for a column using
C<get_column>:

  my $cost = $schema->resultset('Items')->get_column('Cost');
  my $tc = $cost->sum;

With this you can also do:

  my $minvalue = $cost->min;
  my $maxvalue = $cost->max;

Or just iterate through the values of this column only:

  while ( my $c = $cost->next ) {
    print $c;
  }

  foreach my $c ($cost->all) {
    print $c;
  }

C<ResultSetColumn> only has a limited number of built-in functions, if
you need one that it doesn't have, then you can use the C<func> method
instead:

  my $avg = $cost->func('AVERAGE');

This will cause the following SQL statement to be run:

  SELECT AVERAGE(Cost) FROM Items me

Which will of course only work if your database supports this function.
See L<DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn> for more documentation.

=head2 Using relationships

=head3 Create a new row in a related table

  my $book->create_related('author', { name => 'Fred'});

=head3 Search in a related table

Only searches for books named 'Titanic' by the author in $author.

  my $author->search_related('books', { name => 'Titanic' });

=head3 Delete data in a related table

Deletes only the book named Titanic by the author in $author.

  my $author->delete_related('books', { name => 'Titanic' });

=head3 Ordering a relationship result set

If you always want a relation to be ordered, you can specify this when you 
create the relationship.

To order C<< $book->pages >> by descending page_number.

  Book->has_many('pages' => 'Page', 'book', { order_by => \'page_number DESC'} );



=head2 Transactions

As of version 0.04001, there is improved transaction support in
L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI> and L<DBIx::Class::Schema>.  Here is an
example of the recommended way to use it:

  my $genus = $schema->resultset('Genus')->find(12);

  my $coderef2 = sub {
    $genus->extinct(1);
    $genus->update;
  };

  my $coderef1 = sub {
    $genus->add_to_species({ name => 'troglodyte' });
    $genus->wings(2);
    $genus->update;
    $schema->txn_do($coderef2); # Can have a nested transaction
    return $genus->species;
  };

  my $rs;
  eval {
    $rs = $schema->txn_do($coderef1);
  };

  if ($@) {                             # Transaction failed
    die "the sky is falling!"           #
      if ($@ =~ /Rollback failed/);     # Rollback failed

    deal_with_failed_transaction();
  }

Nested transactions will work as expected. That is, only the outermost
transaction will actually issue a commit to the $dbh, and a rollback
at any level of any transaction will cause the entire nested
transaction to fail. Support for savepoints and for true nested
transactions (for databases that support them) will hopefully be added
in the future.

=head2 Many-to-many relationships

This is straightforward using L<DBIx::Class::Relationship::ManyToMany>:

  package My::DB;
  # ... set up connection ...

  package My::User;
  use base 'My::DB';
  __PACKAGE__->table('user');
  __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/id name/);
  __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('id');
  __PACKAGE__->has_many('user_address' => 'My::UserAddress', 'user');
  __PACKAGE__->many_to_many('addresses' => 'user_address', 'address');

  package My::UserAddress;
  use base 'My::DB';
  __PACKAGE__->table('user_address');
  __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/user address/);
  __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key(qw/user address/);
  __PACKAGE__->belongs_to('user' => 'My::User');
  __PACKAGE__->belongs_to('address' => 'My::Address');

  package My::Address;
  use base 'My::DB';
  __PACKAGE__->table('address');
  __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/id street town area_code country/);
  __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('id');
  __PACKAGE__->has_many('user_address' => 'My::UserAddress', 'address');
  __PACKAGE__->many_to_many('users' => 'user_address', 'user');

  $rs = $user->addresses(); # get all addresses for a user
  $rs = $address->users(); # get all users for an address

=head2 Setting default values for a row

It's as simple as overriding the C<new> method.  Note the use of
C<next::method>.

  sub new {
    my ( $class, $attrs ) = @_;

    $attrs->{foo} = 'bar' unless defined $attrs->{foo};

    $class->next::method($attrs);
  }

For more information about C<next::method>, look in the L<Class::C3> 
documentation. See also L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Component> for more
ways to write your own base classes to do this.

People looking for ways to do "triggers" with DBIx::Class are probably
just looking for this.

=head2 Stringification

Employ the standard stringification technique by using the C<overload>
module.

To make an object stringify itself as a single column, use something
like this (replace C<foo> with the column/method of your choice):

  use overload '""' => 'foo', fallback => 1;

For more complex stringification, you can use an anonymous subroutine:

  use overload '""' => sub { $_[0]->name . ", " .
                             $_[0]->address }, fallback => 1;

=head3 Stringification Example

Suppose we have two tables: C<Product> and C<Category>. The table
specifications are:

  Product(id, Description, category)
  Category(id, Description)

C<category> is a foreign key into the Category table.

If you have a Product object C<$obj> and write something like

  print $obj->category

things will not work as expected.

To obtain, for example, the category description, you should add this
method to the class defining the Category table:

  use overload "" => sub {
      my $self = shift;

      return $self->Description;
  }, fallback => 1;

=head2 Disconnecting cleanly

If you find yourself quitting an app with Control-C a lot during
development, you might like to put the following signal handler in
your main database class to make sure it disconnects cleanly:

  $SIG{INT} = sub {
    __PACKAGE__->storage->disconnect;
  };

=head2 Schema import/export

This functionality requires you to have L<SQL::Translator> (also known as
"SQL Fairy") installed.

To create a DBIx::Class schema from an existing database:

 sqlt --from DBI
      --to DBIx::Class::File
      --prefix "MySchema" > MySchema.pm

To create a MySQL database from an existing L<DBIx::Class> schema, convert the
schema to MySQL's dialect of SQL:

  sqlt --from SQL::Translator::Parser::DBIx::Class 
       --to MySQL 
       --DBIx::Class "MySchema.pm" > Schema1.sql
  
And import using the mysql client:

  mysql -h "host" -D "database" -u "user" -p < Schema1.sql

=head2 Easy migration from class-based to schema-based setup

You want to start using the schema-based approach to L<DBIx::Class>
(see L<SchemaIntro.pod>), but have an established class-based setup with lots
of existing classes that you don't want to move by hand. Try this nifty script
instead:

  use MyDB;
  use SQL::Translator;
  
  my $schema = MyDB->schema_instance;
  
  my $translator           =  SQL::Translator->new( 
      debug                => $debug          ||  0,
      trace                => $trace          ||  0,
      no_comments          => $no_comments    ||  0,
      show_warnings        => $show_warnings  ||  0,
      add_drop_table       => $add_drop_table ||  0,
      validate             => $validate       ||  0,
      parser_args          => {
         'DBIx::Schema'    => $schema,
                              },
      producer_args   => {
          'prefix'         => 'My::Schema',
                         },
  );
  
  $translator->parser('SQL::Translator::Parser::DBIx::Class');
  $translator->producer('SQL::Translator::Producer::DBIx::Class::File');
  
  my $output = $translator->translate(@args) or die
          "Error: " . $translator->error;
  
  print $output;

You could use L<Module::Find> to search for all subclasses in the MyDB::*
namespace, which is currently left as an exercise for the reader.

=head2 Schema versioning

The following example shows simplistically how you might use DBIx::Class to
deploy versioned schemas to your customers. The basic process is as follows:

=over 4

=item 1.

Create a DBIx::Class schema

=item 2.

Save the schema

=item 3.

Deploy to customers

=item 4.

Modify schema to change functionality

=item 5.

Deploy update to customers

=back

=head3 Create a DBIx::Class schema

This can either be done manually, or generated from an existing database as
described under C<Schema import/export>.

=head3 Save the schema

Use C<sqlt> to transform your schema into an SQL script suitable for your
customer's database. E.g. for MySQL:

  sqlt --from SQL::Translator::Parser::DBIx::Class
       --to MySQL
       --DBIx::Class "MySchema.pm" > Schema1.mysql.sql

If you need to target databases from multiple vendors, just generate an SQL
script suitable for each. To support PostgreSQL too:

  sqlt --from SQL::Translator::DBIx::Class
       --to PostgreSQL
       --DBIx::Class "MySchema.pm" > Schema1.pgsql.sql

=head3 Deploy to customers

There are several ways you could deploy your schema. These are probably
beyond the scope of this recipe, but might include:

=over 4

=item 1.

Require customer to apply manually using their RDBMS.

=item 2.

Package along with your app, making database dump/schema update/tests
all part of your install.

=back

=head3 Modify the schema to change functionality

As your application evolves, it may be necessary to modify your schema to
change functionality. Once the changes are made to your schema in DBIx::Class,
export the modified schema as before, taking care not to overwrite the original:

  sqlt --from SQL::Translator::DBIx::Class
       --to MySQL
       --DBIx::Class "Anything.pm" > Schema2.mysql.sql

Next, use sqlt-diff to create an SQL script that will update the customer's
database schema:

  sqlt-diff --to MySQL Schema1=MySQL Schema2=MySQL > SchemaUpdate.mysql.sql

=head3 Deploy update to customers

The schema update can be deployed to customers using the same method as before.

=head2 Setting limit dialect for SQL::Abstract::Limit

In some cases, SQL::Abstract::Limit cannot determine the dialect of
the remote SQL server by looking at the database handle. This is a
common problem when using the DBD::JDBC, since the DBD-driver only
know that in has a Java-driver available, not which JDBC driver the
Java component has loaded.  This specifically sets the limit_dialect
to Microsoft SQL-server (See more names in SQL::Abstract::Limit
-documentation.

  __PACKAGE__->storage->sql_maker->limit_dialect('mssql');

The JDBC bridge is one way of getting access to a MSSQL server from a platform
that Microsoft doesn't deliver native client libraries for. (e.g. Linux)

=head2 Setting quoting for the generated SQL. 

If the database contains column names with spaces and/or reserved words, they
need to be quoted in the SQL queries. This is done using:

  __PACKAGE__->storage->sql_maker->quote_char([ qw/[ ]/] );
  __PACKAGE__->storage->sql_maker->name_sep('.');

The first sets the quote characters. Either a pair of matching
brackets, or a C<"> or C<'>:
  
  __PACKAGE__->storage->sql_maker->quote_char('"');

Check the documentation of your database for the correct quote
characters to use. C<name_sep> needs to be set to allow the SQL
generator to put the quotes the correct place.

=head2 Overloading methods

L<DBIx::Class> uses the L<Class::C3> package, which provides for redispatch of 
method calls.  You have to use calls to C<next::method> to overload methods.  
More information on using L<Class::C3> with L<DBIx::Class> can be found in 
L<DBIx::Class::Manual::Component>.

=head3 Changing one field whenever another changes

For example, say that you have three columns, C<id>, C<number>, and 
C<squared>.  You would like to make changes to C<number> and have
C<squared> be automagically set to the value of C<number> squared.
You can accomplish this by overriding C<store_column>:

  sub store_column {
    my ( $self, $name, $value ) = @_;
    if ($name eq 'number') {
      $self->squared($value * $value);
    }
    $self->next::method($name, $value);
  }

Note that the hard work is done by the call to C<next::method>, which
redispatches your call to store_column in the superclass(es).

=head3 Automatically creating related objects

You might have a class C<Artist> which has many C<CD>s.  Further, if you
want to create a C<CD> object every time you insert an C<Artist> object.
You can accomplish this by overriding C<insert> on your objects:

  sub insert {
    my ( $self, @args ) = @_;
    $self->next::method(@args);
    $self->cds->new({})->fill_from_artist($self)->insert;
    return $self;
  }

where C<fill_from_artist> is a method you specify in C<CD> which sets
values in C<CD> based on the data in the C<Artist> object you pass in.

=head2 Debugging DBIx::Class objects with Data::Dumper

L<Data::Dumper> can be a very useful tool for debugging, but sometimes it can
be hard to find the pertinent data in all the data it can generate.
Specifically, if one naively tries to use it like so,

  use Data::Dumper;

  my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(1);
  print Dumper($cd);

several pages worth of data from the CD object's schema and result source will
be dumped to the screen. Since usually one is only interested in a few column
values of the object, this is not very helpful.

Luckily, it is possible to modify the data before L<Data::Dumper> outputs
it. Simply define a hook that L<Data::Dumper> will call on the object before
dumping it. For example,

  package My::DB::CD;

  sub _dumper_hook {
    $_[0] = bless {
      %{ $_[0] },
      result_source => undef,
    }, ref($_[0]);
  }

  [...]

  use Data::Dumper;

  local $Data::Dumper::Freezer = '_dumper_hook';

  my $cd = $schema->resultset('CD')->find(1);
  print Dumper($cd);
         # dumps $cd without its ResultSource

If the structure of your schema is such that there is a common base class for
all your table classes, simply put a method similar to C<_dumper_hook> in the
base class and set C<$Data::Dumper::Freezer> to its name and L<Data::Dumper>
will automagically clean up your data before printing it. See
L<Data::Dumper/EXAMPLES> for more information.

=head2 Retrieving a row object's Schema

It is possible to get a Schema object from a row object like so:

  my $schema = $cd->result_source->schema;
  # use the schema as normal:
  my $artist_rs = $schema->resultset('Artist'); 

This can be useful when you don't want to pass around a Schema object to every
method.

=head2 Profiling

When you enable L<DBIx::Class::Storage::DBI>'s debugging it prints the SQL
executed as well as notifications of query completion and transaction
begin/commit.  If you'd like to profile the SQL you can subclass the
L<DBIx::Class::Storage::Statistics> class and write your own profiling
mechanism:

  package My::Profiler;
  use strict;

  use base 'DBIx::Class::Storage::Statistics';

  use Time::HiRes qw(time);

  my $start;

  sub query_start {
    my $self = shift();
    my $sql = shift();
    my $params = @_;

    print "Executing $sql: ".join(', ', @params)."\n";
    $start = time();
  }

  sub query_end {
    my $self = shift();
    my $sql = shift();
    my @params = @_;

    printf("Execution took %0.4f seconds.\n", time() - $start);
    $start = undef;
  }

  1;

You can then install that class as the debugging object:

  __PACKAGE__->storage()->debugobj(new My::Profiler());
  __PACKAGE__->storage()->debug(1);

A more complicated example might involve storing each execution of SQL in an
array:

  sub query_end {
    my $self = shift();
    my $sql = shift();
    my @params = @_;

    my $elapsed = time() - $start;
    push(@{ $calls{$sql} }, {
        params => \@params,
        elapsed => $elapsed
    });
  }

You could then create average, high and low execution times for an SQL
statement and dig down to see if certain parameters cause aberrant behavior.

=head2 Getting the value of the primary key for the last database insert

AKA getting last_insert_id

If you are using PK::Auto, this is straightforward:

  my $foo = $rs->create(\%blah);
  # do more stuff
  my $id = $foo->id; # foo->my_primary_key_field will also work.

If you are not using autoincrementing primary keys, this will probably
not work, but then you already know the value of the last primary key anyway.

=head2 Dynamic Sub-classing DBIx::Class proxy classes 
(AKA multi-class object inflation from one table) 
 
L<DBIx::Class> classes are proxy classes, therefore some different
techniques need to be employed for more than basic subclassing.  In
this example we have a single user table that carries a boolean bit
for admin.  We would like like to give the admin users
objects(L<DBIx::Class::Row>) the same methods as a regular user but
also special admin only methods.  It doesn't make sense to create two
seperate proxy-class files for this.  We would be copying all the user
methods into the Admin class.  There is a cleaner way to accomplish
this.

Overriding the C<inflate_result> method within the User proxy-class
gives us the effect we want.  This method is called by
L<DBIx::Class::ResultSet> when inflating a result from storage.  So we
grab the object being returned, inspect the values we are looking for,
bless it if it's an admin object, and then return it.  See the example
below:
 
B<Schema Definition> 
 
    package DB::Schema; 
     
    use base qw/DBIx::Class::Schema/; 
 
    __PACKAGE__->load_classes(qw/User/); 
 
 
B<Proxy-Class definitions> 
 
    package DB::Schema::User; 
     
    use strict; 
    use warnings; 
    use base qw/DBIx::Class/; 
     
    ### Defined what our admin class is for ensure_class_loaded 
    my $admin_class = __PACKAGE__ . '::Admin'; 
     
    __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/Core/); 
     
    __PACKAGE__->table('users'); 
     
    __PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/user_id   email    password  
                                firstname lastname active 
                                admin/); 
     
    __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key('user_id'); 
     
    sub inflate_result { 
        my $self = shift;  
        my $ret = $self->next::method(@_); 
        if( $ret->admin ) {### If this is an admin rebless for extra functions  
            $self->ensure_class_loaded( $admin_class ); 
            bless $ret, $admin_class; 
        } 
        return $ret; 
    } 
     
    sub hello { 
        print "I am a regular user.\n"; 
        return ; 
    } 
     
     
    package DB::Schema::User::Admin; 
     
    use strict; 
    use warnings; 
    use base qw/DB::Schema::User/; 
     
    sub hello 
    { 
        print "I am an admin.\n"; 
        return; 
    } 
     
    sub do_admin_stuff 
    { 
        print "I am doing admin stuff\n"; 
        return ; 
    } 
 
B<Test File> test.pl 
 
    use warnings; 
    use strict; 
    use DB::Schema; 
     
    my $user_data = { email    => 'someguy@place.com',  
                      password => 'pass1',  
                      admin    => 0 }; 
                           
    my $admin_data = { email    => 'someadmin@adminplace.com',  
                       password => 'pass2',  
                       admin    => 1 }; 
                           
    my $schema = DB::Schema->connection('dbi:Pg:dbname=test'); 
     
    $schema->resultset('User')->create( $user_data ); 
    $schema->resultset('User')->create( $admin_data ); 
     
    ### Now we search for them 
    my $user = $schema->resultset('User')->single( $user_data ); 
    my $admin = $schema->resultset('User')->single( $admin_data ); 
     
    print ref $user, "\n"; 
    print ref $admin, "\n"; 
     
    print $user->password , "\n"; # pass1 
    print $admin->password , "\n";# pass2; inherited from User 
    print $user->hello , "\n";# I am a regular user. 
    print $admin->hello, "\n";# I am an admin. 
 
    ### The statement below will NOT print 
    print "I can do admin stuff\n" if $user->can('do_admin_stuff'); 
    ### The statement below will print 
    print "I can do admin stuff\n" if $admin->can('do_admin_stuff'); 

=head2 Skip object creation for faster results

DBIx::Class is not built for speed, it's built for convenience and
ease of use, but sometimes you just need to get the data, and skip the
fancy objects. Luckily this is also fairly easy using
C<inflate_result>:

  # Define a class which just returns the results as a hashref:
  package My::HashRefInflator;

  ## $me is the hashref of cols/data from the immediate resultsource
  ## $prefetch is a deep hashref of all the data from the prefetched
  ##   related sources.

  sub mk_hash {
     my ($me, $rest) = @_;

     return { %$me, 
        map { ($_ => mk_hash(@{$rest->{$_}})) } keys %$rest
     };
  }

  sub inflate_result {
     my ($self, $source, $me, $prefetch) = @_;
     return mk_hash($me, $prefetch); 
  }

  # Change the object inflation to a hashref for just this resultset:
  $rs->result_class('My::HashRefInflator');

  my $datahashref = $rs->next;
  foreach my $col (keys %$datahashref) {
     if(!ref($datahashref->{$col})) {
        # It's a plain value
     }
     elsif(ref($datahashref->{$col} eq 'HASH')) {
        # It's a related value in a hashref
     }
  }

=head2 Want to know if find_or_create found or created a row?

Just use C<find_or_new> instead, then check C<in_storage>:

  my $obj = $rs->find_or_new({ blah => 'blarg' });
  unless ($obj->in_storage) {
    $obj->insert;
    # do whatever else you wanted if it was a new row
  }

=cut