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8cc95fdb |
1 | package Class::Struct; |
2 | |
3 | ## See POD after __END__ |
4 | |
17f410f9 |
5 | use 5.005_64; |
8cc95fdb |
6 | |
7 | use strict; |
d3a7d8c7 |
8 | use warnings::register; |
17f410f9 |
9 | our(@ISA, @EXPORT, $VERSION); |
8cc95fdb |
10 | |
11 | use Carp; |
12 | |
13 | require Exporter; |
14 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
15 | @EXPORT = qw(struct); |
16 | |
ab6e6725 |
17 | $VERSION = '0.59'; |
430530ea |
18 | |
8cc95fdb |
19 | ## Tested on 5.002 and 5.003 without class membership tests: |
20 | my $CHECK_CLASS_MEMBERSHIP = ($] >= 5.003_95); |
21 | |
22 | my $print = 0; |
23 | sub printem { |
24 | if (@_) { $print = shift } |
25 | else { $print++ } |
26 | } |
27 | |
28 | { |
29 | package Class::Struct::Tie_ISA; |
30 | |
31 | sub TIEARRAY { |
32 | my $class = shift; |
33 | return bless [], $class; |
34 | } |
35 | |
36 | sub STORE { |
37 | my ($self, $index, $value) = @_; |
38 | Class::Struct::_subclass_error(); |
39 | } |
40 | |
41 | sub FETCH { |
42 | my ($self, $index) = @_; |
43 | $self->[$index]; |
44 | } |
45 | |
f740b751 |
46 | sub FETCHSIZE { |
47 | my $self = shift; |
48 | return scalar(@$self); |
49 | } |
50 | |
8cc95fdb |
51 | sub DESTROY { } |
52 | } |
53 | |
ab6e6725 |
54 | sub import { |
55 | my $self = shift; |
56 | |
22633ac4 |
57 | if ( @_ == 0 ) { |
ab6e6725 |
58 | $self->export_to_level( 1, $self, @EXPORT ); |
22633ac4 |
59 | } elsif ( @_ == 1 ) { |
60 | # This is admittedly a little bit silly: |
61 | # do we ever export anything else than 'struct'...? |
62 | $self->export_to_level( 1, $self, @_ ); |
63 | } else { |
64 | &struct; |
ab6e6725 |
65 | } |
66 | } |
67 | |
8cc95fdb |
68 | sub struct { |
69 | |
70 | # Determine parameter list structure, one of: |
71 | # struct( class => [ element-list ]) |
72 | # struct( class => { element-list }) |
73 | # struct( element-list ) |
74 | # Latter form assumes current package name as struct name. |
75 | |
76 | my ($class, @decls); |
77 | my $base_type = ref $_[1]; |
78 | if ( $base_type eq 'HASH' ) { |
79 | $class = shift; |
80 | @decls = %{shift()}; |
81 | _usage_error() if @_; |
82 | } |
83 | elsif ( $base_type eq 'ARRAY' ) { |
84 | $class = shift; |
85 | @decls = @{shift()}; |
86 | _usage_error() if @_; |
87 | } |
88 | else { |
89 | $base_type = 'ARRAY'; |
90 | $class = (caller())[0]; |
91 | @decls = @_; |
92 | } |
ad6edfcb |
93 | |
8cc95fdb |
94 | _usage_error() if @decls % 2 == 1; |
95 | |
96 | # Ensure we are not, and will not be, a subclass. |
97 | |
98 | my $isa = do { |
99 | no strict 'refs'; |
100 | \@{$class . '::ISA'}; |
101 | }; |
102 | _subclass_error() if @$isa; |
103 | tie @$isa, 'Class::Struct::Tie_ISA'; |
104 | |
105 | # Create constructor. |
106 | |
107 | croak "function 'new' already defined in package $class" |
108 | if do { no strict 'refs'; defined &{$class . "::new"} }; |
109 | |
110 | my @methods = (); |
111 | my %refs = (); |
112 | my %arrays = (); |
113 | my %hashes = (); |
114 | my %classes = (); |
115 | my $got_class = 0; |
116 | my $out = ''; |
117 | |
118 | $out = "{\n package $class;\n use Carp;\n sub new {\n"; |
430530ea |
119 | $out .= " my (\$class, \%init) = \@_;\n"; |
f01e5ef6 |
120 | $out .= " \$class = __PACKAGE__ unless \@_;\n"; |
8cc95fdb |
121 | |
122 | my $cnt = 0; |
123 | my $idx = 0; |
124 | my( $cmt, $name, $type, $elem ); |
125 | |
126 | if( $base_type eq 'HASH' ){ |
127 | $out .= " my(\$r) = {};\n"; |
128 | $cmt = ''; |
129 | } |
130 | elsif( $base_type eq 'ARRAY' ){ |
131 | $out .= " my(\$r) = [];\n"; |
132 | } |
133 | while( $idx < @decls ){ |
134 | $name = $decls[$idx]; |
135 | $type = $decls[$idx+1]; |
136 | push( @methods, $name ); |
137 | if( $base_type eq 'HASH' ){ |
430530ea |
138 | $elem = "{'${class}::$name'}"; |
8cc95fdb |
139 | } |
140 | elsif( $base_type eq 'ARRAY' ){ |
141 | $elem = "[$cnt]"; |
142 | ++$cnt; |
143 | $cmt = " # $name"; |
144 | } |
145 | if( $type =~ /^\*(.)/ ){ |
146 | $refs{$name}++; |
147 | $type = $1; |
148 | } |
430530ea |
149 | my $init = "defined(\$init{'$name'}) ? \$init{'$name'} :"; |
8cc95fdb |
150 | if( $type eq '@' ){ |
430530ea |
151 | $out .= " croak 'Initializer for $name must be array reference'\n"; |
152 | $out .= " if defined(\$init{'$name'}) && ref(\$init{'$name'}) ne 'ARRAY';\n"; |
153 | $out .= " \$r->$elem = $init [];$cmt\n"; |
8cc95fdb |
154 | $arrays{$name}++; |
155 | } |
156 | elsif( $type eq '%' ){ |
430530ea |
157 | $out .= " croak 'Initializer for $name must be hash reference'\n"; |
158 | $out .= " if defined(\$init{'$name'}) && ref(\$init{'$name'}) ne 'HASH';\n"; |
159 | $out .= " \$r->$elem = $init {};$cmt\n"; |
8cc95fdb |
160 | $hashes{$name}++; |
161 | } |
162 | elsif ( $type eq '$') { |
430530ea |
163 | $out .= " \$r->$elem = $init undef;$cmt\n"; |
8cc95fdb |
164 | } |
165 | elsif( $type =~ /^\w+(?:::\w+)*$/ ){ |
430530ea |
166 | $init = "defined(\$init{'$name'}) ? \%{\$init{'$name'}} : ()"; |
167 | $out .= " croak 'Initializer for $name must be hash reference'\n"; |
168 | $out .= " if defined(\$init{'$name'}) && ref(\$init{'$name'}) ne 'HASH';\n"; |
169 | $out .= " \$r->$elem = '${type}'->new($init);$cmt\n"; |
8cc95fdb |
170 | $classes{$name} = $type; |
171 | $got_class = 1; |
172 | } |
173 | else{ |
174 | croak "'$type' is not a valid struct element type"; |
175 | } |
176 | $idx += 2; |
177 | } |
430530ea |
178 | $out .= " bless \$r, \$class;\n }\n"; |
8cc95fdb |
179 | |
180 | # Create accessor methods. |
181 | |
8cc95fdb |
182 | my( $pre, $pst, $sel ); |
183 | $cnt = 0; |
184 | foreach $name (@methods){ |
185 | if ( do { no strict 'refs'; defined &{$class . "::$name"} } ) { |
7e6d00f8 |
186 | warnings::warnif("function '$name' already defined, overrides struct accessor method"); |
8cc95fdb |
187 | } |
188 | else { |
189 | $pre = $pst = $cmt = $sel = ''; |
190 | if( defined $refs{$name} ){ |
191 | $pre = "\\("; |
192 | $pst = ")"; |
193 | $cmt = " # returns ref"; |
194 | } |
195 | $out .= " sub $name {$cmt\n my \$r = shift;\n"; |
196 | if( $base_type eq 'ARRAY' ){ |
197 | $elem = "[$cnt]"; |
198 | ++$cnt; |
199 | } |
200 | elsif( $base_type eq 'HASH' ){ |
430530ea |
201 | $elem = "{'${class}::$name'}"; |
8cc95fdb |
202 | } |
203 | if( defined $arrays{$name} ){ |
204 | $out .= " my \$i;\n"; |
430530ea |
205 | $out .= " \@_ ? (\$i = shift) : return \$r->$elem;\n"; |
8cc95fdb |
206 | $sel = "->[\$i]"; |
207 | } |
208 | elsif( defined $hashes{$name} ){ |
209 | $out .= " my \$i;\n"; |
430530ea |
210 | $out .= " \@_ ? (\$i = shift) : return \$r->$elem;\n"; |
8cc95fdb |
211 | $sel = "->{\$i}"; |
212 | } |
213 | elsif( defined $classes{$name} ){ |
214 | if ( $CHECK_CLASS_MEMBERSHIP ) { |
20408e3c |
215 | $out .= " croak '$name argument is wrong class' if \@_ && ! UNIVERSAL::isa(\$_[0], '$classes{$name}');\n"; |
8cc95fdb |
216 | } |
217 | } |
218 | $out .= " croak 'Too many args to $name' if \@_ > 1;\n"; |
219 | $out .= " \@_ ? ($pre\$r->$elem$sel = shift$pst) : $pre\$r->$elem$sel$pst;\n"; |
220 | $out .= " }\n"; |
221 | } |
222 | } |
223 | $out .= "}\n1;\n"; |
224 | |
225 | print $out if $print; |
226 | my $result = eval $out; |
227 | carp $@ if $@; |
228 | } |
229 | |
230 | sub _usage_error { |
231 | confess "struct usage error"; |
232 | } |
233 | |
234 | sub _subclass_error { |
235 | croak 'struct class cannot be a subclass (@ISA not allowed)'; |
236 | } |
237 | |
238 | 1; # for require |
239 | |
240 | |
241 | __END__ |
242 | |
243 | =head1 NAME |
244 | |
245 | Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes |
246 | |
247 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
248 | |
249 | use Class::Struct; |
250 | # declare struct, based on array: |
251 | struct( CLASS_NAME => [ ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... ]); |
252 | # declare struct, based on hash: |
253 | struct( CLASS_NAME => { ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... }); |
254 | |
255 | package CLASS_NAME; |
256 | use Class::Struct; |
257 | # declare struct, based on array, implicit class name: |
258 | struct( ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... ); |
259 | |
ab6e6725 |
260 | # Declare struct at compile time |
261 | use Class::Struct CLASS_NAME => [ ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... ]; |
262 | use Class::Struct CLASS_NAME => { ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... }; |
263 | |
8cc95fdb |
264 | package Myobj; |
265 | use Class::Struct; |
266 | # declare struct with four types of elements: |
267 | struct( s => '$', a => '@', h => '%', c => 'My_Other_Class' ); |
268 | |
269 | $obj = new Myobj; # constructor |
270 | |
271 | # scalar type accessor: |
272 | $element_value = $obj->s; # element value |
273 | $obj->s('new value'); # assign to element |
274 | |
275 | # array type accessor: |
276 | $ary_ref = $obj->a; # reference to whole array |
277 | $ary_element_value = $obj->a(2); # array element value |
278 | $obj->a(2, 'new value'); # assign to array element |
279 | |
280 | # hash type accessor: |
281 | $hash_ref = $obj->h; # reference to whole hash |
282 | $hash_element_value = $obj->h('x'); # hash element value |
ad6edfcb |
283 | $obj->h('x', 'new value'); # assign to hash element |
8cc95fdb |
284 | |
285 | # class type accessor: |
286 | $element_value = $obj->c; # object reference |
287 | $obj->c->method(...); # call method of object |
288 | $obj->c(new My_Other_Class); # assign a new object |
289 | |
8cc95fdb |
290 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
291 | |
292 | C<Class::Struct> exports a single function, C<struct>. |
293 | Given a list of element names and types, and optionally |
294 | a class name, C<struct> creates a Perl 5 class that implements |
295 | a "struct-like" data structure. |
296 | |
297 | The new class is given a constructor method, C<new>, for creating |
298 | struct objects. |
299 | |
300 | Each element in the struct data has an accessor method, which is |
301 | used to assign to the element and to fetch its value. The |
302 | default accessor can be overridden by declaring a C<sub> of the |
303 | same name in the package. (See Example 2.) |
304 | |
305 | Each element's type can be scalar, array, hash, or class. |
306 | |
8cc95fdb |
307 | =head2 The C<struct()> function |
308 | |
309 | The C<struct> function has three forms of parameter-list. |
310 | |
311 | struct( CLASS_NAME => [ ELEMENT_LIST ]); |
312 | struct( CLASS_NAME => { ELEMENT_LIST }); |
313 | struct( ELEMENT_LIST ); |
314 | |
315 | The first and second forms explicitly identify the name of the |
316 | class being created. The third form assumes the current package |
317 | name as the class name. |
318 | |
319 | An object of a class created by the first and third forms is |
320 | based on an array, whereas an object of a class created by the |
321 | second form is based on a hash. The array-based forms will be |
322 | somewhat faster and smaller; the hash-based forms are more |
323 | flexible. |
324 | |
325 | The class created by C<struct> must not be a subclass of another |
326 | class other than C<UNIVERSAL>. |
327 | |
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328 | It can, however, be used as a superclass for other classes. To facilitate |
329 | this, the generated constructor method uses a two-argument blessing. |
330 | Furthermore, if the class is hash-based, the key of each element is |
331 | prefixed with the class name (see I<Perl Cookbook>, Recipe 13.12). |
332 | |
8cc95fdb |
333 | A function named C<new> must not be explicitly defined in a class |
334 | created by C<struct>. |
335 | |
336 | The I<ELEMENT_LIST> has the form |
337 | |
338 | NAME => TYPE, ... |
339 | |
340 | Each name-type pair declares one element of the struct. Each |
341 | element name will be defined as an accessor method unless a |
342 | method by that name is explicitly defined; in the latter case, a |
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343 | warning is issued if the warning flag (B<-w>) is set. |
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344 | |
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345 | =head2 Class Creation at Compile Time |
346 | |
347 | C<Class::Struct> can create your class at compile time. The main reason |
348 | for doing this is obvious, so your class acts like every other class in |
349 | Perl. Creating your class at compile time will make the order of events |
350 | similar to using any other class ( or Perl module ). |
351 | |
352 | There is no significant speed gain between compile time and run time |
353 | class creation, there is just a new, more standard order of events. |
8cc95fdb |
354 | |
355 | =head2 Element Types and Accessor Methods |
356 | |
357 | The four element types -- scalar, array, hash, and class -- are |
358 | represented by strings -- C<'$'>, C<'@'>, C<'%'>, and a class name -- |
359 | optionally preceded by a C<'*'>. |
360 | |
361 | The accessor method provided by C<struct> for an element depends |
362 | on the declared type of the element. |
363 | |
364 | =over |
365 | |
366 | =item Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>) |
367 | |
430530ea |
368 | The element is a scalar, and by default is initialized to C<undef> |
369 | (but see L<Initializing with new>). |
8cc95fdb |
370 | |
371 | The accessor's argument, if any, is assigned to the element. |
372 | |
373 | If the element type is C<'$'>, the value of the element (after |
374 | assignment) is returned. If the element type is C<'*$'>, a reference |
375 | to the element is returned. |
376 | |
377 | =item Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>) |
378 | |
430530ea |
379 | The element is an array, initialized by default to C<()>. |
8cc95fdb |
380 | |
381 | With no argument, the accessor returns a reference to the |
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382 | element's whole array (whether or not the element was |
58231d39 |
383 | specified as C<'@'> or C<'*@'>). |
8cc95fdb |
384 | |
385 | With one or two arguments, the first argument is an index |
386 | specifying one element of the array; the second argument, if |
387 | present, is assigned to the array element. If the element type |
388 | is C<'@'>, the accessor returns the array element value. If the |
389 | element type is C<'*@'>, a reference to the array element is |
390 | returned. |
391 | |
392 | =item Hash (C<'%'> or C<'*%'>) |
393 | |
430530ea |
394 | The element is a hash, initialized by default to C<()>. |
8cc95fdb |
395 | |
396 | With no argument, the accessor returns a reference to the |
430530ea |
397 | element's whole hash (whether or not the element was |
58231d39 |
398 | specified as C<'%'> or C<'*%'>). |
8cc95fdb |
399 | |
400 | With one or two arguments, the first argument is a key specifying |
401 | one element of the hash; the second argument, if present, is |
402 | assigned to the hash element. If the element type is C<'%'>, the |
403 | accessor returns the hash element value. If the element type is |
404 | C<'*%'>, a reference to the hash element is returned. |
405 | |
406 | =item Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>) |
407 | |
408 | The element's value must be a reference blessed to the named |
409 | class or to one of its subclasses. The element is initialized to |
410 | the result of calling the C<new> constructor of the named class. |
411 | |
412 | The accessor's argument, if any, is assigned to the element. The |
413 | accessor will C<croak> if this is not an appropriate object |
414 | reference. |
415 | |
416 | If the element type does not start with a C<'*'>, the accessor |
417 | returns the element value (after assignment). If the element type |
418 | starts with a C<'*'>, a reference to the element itself is returned. |
419 | |
420 | =back |
421 | |
430530ea |
422 | =head2 Initializing with C<new> |
423 | |
424 | C<struct> always creates a constructor called C<new>. That constructor |
425 | may take a list of initializers for the various elements of the new |
426 | struct. |
427 | |
428 | Each initializer is a pair of values: I<element name>C< =E<gt> >I<value>. |
429 | The initializer value for a scalar element is just a scalar value. The |
430 | initializer for an array element is an array reference. The initializer |
431 | for a hash is a hash reference. |
432 | |
433 | The initializer for a class element is also a hash reference, and the |
434 | contents of that hash are passed to the element's own constructor. |
435 | |
436 | See Example 3 below for an example of initialization. |
437 | |
8cc95fdb |
438 | =head1 EXAMPLES |
439 | |
440 | =over |
441 | |
442 | =item Example 1 |
443 | |
444 | Giving a struct element a class type that is also a struct is how |
445 | structs are nested. Here, C<timeval> represents a time (seconds and |
446 | microseconds), and C<rusage> has two elements, each of which is of |
447 | type C<timeval>. |
448 | |
449 | use Class::Struct; |
450 | |
451 | struct( rusage => { |
452 | ru_utime => timeval, # seconds |
453 | ru_stime => timeval, # microseconds |
454 | }); |
455 | |
456 | struct( timeval => [ |
457 | tv_secs => '$', |
458 | tv_usecs => '$', |
459 | ]); |
460 | |
461 | # create an object: |
462 | my $t = new rusage; |
8cc95fdb |
463 | |
430530ea |
464 | # $t->ru_utime and $t->ru_stime are objects of type timeval. |
8cc95fdb |
465 | # set $t->ru_utime to 100.0 sec and $t->ru_stime to 5.0 sec. |
466 | $t->ru_utime->tv_secs(100); |
467 | $t->ru_utime->tv_usecs(0); |
468 | $t->ru_stime->tv_secs(5); |
469 | $t->ru_stime->tv_usecs(0); |
470 | |
8cc95fdb |
471 | =item Example 2 |
472 | |
473 | An accessor function can be redefined in order to provide |
474 | additional checking of values, etc. Here, we want the C<count> |
475 | element always to be nonnegative, so we redefine the C<count> |
476 | accessor accordingly. |
477 | |
478 | package MyObj; |
479 | use Class::Struct; |
480 | |
430530ea |
481 | # declare the struct |
8cc95fdb |
482 | struct ( 'MyObj', { count => '$', stuff => '%' } ); |
483 | |
430530ea |
484 | # override the default accessor method for 'count' |
8cc95fdb |
485 | sub count { |
486 | my $self = shift; |
487 | if ( @_ ) { |
488 | die 'count must be nonnegative' if $_[0] < 0; |
489 | $self->{'count'} = shift; |
490 | warn "Too many args to count" if @_; |
491 | } |
492 | return $self->{'count'}; |
493 | } |
494 | |
495 | package main; |
496 | $x = new MyObj; |
497 | print "\$x->count(5) = ", $x->count(5), "\n"; |
498 | # prints '$x->count(5) = 5' |
499 | |
500 | print "\$x->count = ", $x->count, "\n"; |
501 | # prints '$x->count = 5' |
502 | |
503 | print "\$x->count(-5) = ", $x->count(-5), "\n"; |
504 | # dies due to negative argument! |
505 | |
430530ea |
506 | =item Example 3 |
507 | |
508 | The constructor of a generated class can be passed a list |
509 | of I<element>=>I<value> pairs, with which to initialize the struct. |
510 | If no initializer is specified for a particular element, its default |
511 | initialization is performed instead. Initializers for non-existent |
512 | elements are silently ignored. |
513 | |
514 | Note that the initializer for a nested struct is specified |
515 | as an anonymous hash of initializers, which is passed on to the nested |
516 | struct's constructor. |
517 | |
430530ea |
518 | use Class::Struct; |
519 | |
520 | struct Breed => |
521 | { |
522 | name => '$', |
523 | cross => '$', |
524 | }; |
525 | |
526 | struct Cat => |
527 | [ |
528 | name => '$', |
529 | kittens => '@', |
530 | markings => '%', |
531 | breed => 'Breed', |
532 | ]; |
533 | |
534 | |
535 | my $cat = Cat->new( name => 'Socks', |
536 | kittens => ['Monica', 'Kenneth'], |
537 | markings => { socks=>1, blaze=>"white" }, |
538 | breed => { name=>'short-hair', cross=>1 }, |
539 | ); |
540 | |
541 | print "Once a cat called ", $cat->name, "\n"; |
542 | print "(which was a ", $cat->breed->name, ")\n"; |
543 | print "had two kittens: ", join(' and ', @{$cat->kittens}), "\n"; |
544 | |
a45bd81d |
545 | =back |
8cc95fdb |
546 | |
547 | =head1 Author and Modification History |
548 | |
ab6e6725 |
549 | Modified by Casey Tweten, 2000-11-08, v0.59. |
550 | |
551 | Added the ability for compile time class creation. |
552 | |
430530ea |
553 | Modified by Damian Conway, 1999-03-05, v0.58. |
554 | |
555 | Added handling of hash-like arg list to class ctor. |
556 | |
557 | Changed to two-argument blessing in ctor to support |
558 | derivation from created classes. |
559 | |
560 | Added classname prefixes to keys in hash-based classes |
561 | (refer to "Perl Cookbook", Recipe 13.12 for rationale). |
562 | |
563 | Corrected behaviour of accessors for '*@' and '*%' struct |
564 | elements. Package now implements documented behaviour when |
565 | returning a reference to an entire hash or array element. |
566 | Previously these were returned as a reference to a reference |
567 | to the element. |
568 | |
8cc95fdb |
569 | Renamed to C<Class::Struct> and modified by Jim Miner, 1997-04-02. |
570 | |
571 | members() function removed. |
572 | Documentation corrected and extended. |
573 | Use of struct() in a subclass prohibited. |
574 | User definition of accessor allowed. |
575 | Treatment of '*' in element types corrected. |
576 | Treatment of classes as element types corrected. |
577 | Class name to struct() made optional. |
578 | Diagnostic checks added. |
579 | |
8cc95fdb |
580 | Originally C<Class::Template> by Dean Roehrich. |
581 | |
582 | # Template.pm --- struct/member template builder |
583 | # 12mar95 |
584 | # Dean Roehrich |
585 | # |
586 | # changes/bugs fixed since 28nov94 version: |
587 | # - podified |
588 | # changes/bugs fixed since 21nov94 version: |
589 | # - Fixed examples. |
590 | # changes/bugs fixed since 02sep94 version: |
591 | # - Moved to Class::Template. |
592 | # changes/bugs fixed since 20feb94 version: |
593 | # - Updated to be a more proper module. |
594 | # - Added "use strict". |
595 | # - Bug in build_methods, was using @var when @$var needed. |
596 | # - Now using my() rather than local(). |
597 | # |
598 | # Uses perl5 classes to create nested data types. |
599 | # This is offered as one implementation of Tom Christiansen's "structs.pl" |
600 | # idea. |
601 | |
602 | =cut |