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1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
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3 | Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Intro - Catalyst Tutorial - Chapter 1: Introduction |
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4 | |
5 | |
6 | =head1 OVERVIEW |
7 | |
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8 | This is B<Chapter 1 of 10> for the Catalyst tutorial. |
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9 | |
10 | L<Tutorial Overview|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial> |
11 | |
12 | =over 4 |
13 | |
14 | =item 1 |
15 | |
16 | B<Introduction> |
17 | |
18 | =item 2 |
19 | |
20 | L<Catalyst Basics|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::CatalystBasics> |
21 | |
22 | =item 3 |
23 | |
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24 | L<More Catalyst Basics|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::MoreCatalystBasics> |
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25 | |
26 | =item 4 |
27 | |
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28 | L<Basic CRUD|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::BasicCRUD> |
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29 | |
30 | =item 5 |
31 | |
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32 | L<Authentication|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Authentication> |
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33 | |
34 | =item 6 |
35 | |
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36 | L<Authorization|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Authorization> |
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37 | |
38 | =item 7 |
39 | |
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40 | L<Debugging|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Debugging> |
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41 | |
42 | =item 8 |
43 | |
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44 | L<Testing|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Testing> |
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45 | |
46 | =item 9 |
47 | |
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48 | L<Advanced CRUD|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::AdvancedCRUD> |
49 | |
50 | =item 10 |
51 | |
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52 | L<Appendices|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Appendices> |
53 | |
54 | =back |
55 | |
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56 | |
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57 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
58 | |
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59 | This tutorial provides a multi-part introduction to the Catalyst web |
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60 | framework. It seeks to provide a rapid overview of many of its most |
61 | commonly used features. The focus is on the real-world best practices |
62 | required in the construction of nearly all Catalyst applications. |
63 | |
64 | Although the primary target of the tutorial is users new to the Catalyst |
65 | framework, experienced users may wish to review specific sections (for |
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66 | example, how to use DBIC for their model classes, how to add |
67 | authentication and authorization to an existing application, or form |
68 | management). |
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69 | |
70 | You can obtain the code for all the tutorial examples from the |
71 | catalyst subversion repository by issuing the command: |
72 | |
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73 | svn co http://dev.catalyst.perl.org/repos/Catalyst/trunk/examples/Tutorial/ CatalystTutorial |
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74 | |
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75 | This will download the most recent tarball for each chapter of the |
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76 | tutorial into the CatalystTutorial directory on your machine. |
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77 | |
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78 | B<These reference implementations are provided so that when you follow |
79 | the tutorial, you can use the code from the subversion repository to |
80 | ensure that your system is set up correctly, and that you have not |
81 | inadvertently made any typographic errors, or accidentally skipped |
82 | part of the tutorial.> |
83 | |
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84 | B<NOTE: You can use any Perl-supported OS and environment to run |
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85 | Catalyst.> It should make little or no difference to Catalyst's |
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86 | operation, B<but this tutorial has been written using the Debian 5 |
87 | live CD> because that represents a quick and easy for most people to |
88 | try out Catalyst with virtually zero setup time and hassles. Also, |
89 | the tutorial has been tested to work correctly with the versions of |
90 | Catalyst and all the supporting modules in Debian 5 (see "VERSIONS |
91 | AND CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS TUTORIAL" below for the specific versions |
92 | for some of the key modules), so B<if you think you might be running |
93 | into an issue related to versions> (for example, a module changed its |
94 | behavior in a newer version or a bug was introduced), B<it might be |
95 | worth giving Debian 5 a try>. See the "CATALYST INSTALLATION" |
96 | section below for more information. |
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97 | |
98 | If you're reading this manual online, you can download the example |
99 | program and all the necessary dependencies to your local machine by |
100 | installing the C<Task::Catalyst::Tutorial> distribution from CPAN: |
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101 | |
102 | cpan Task::Catalyst::Tutorial |
103 | |
104 | This will also test to make sure the dependencies are working. If you |
105 | have trouble installing these, please ask for help on the #catalyst |
106 | IRC channel, or the Catalyst mailing list. |
107 | |
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108 | Subjects covered by the tutorial include: |
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109 | |
110 | =over 4 |
111 | |
112 | =item * |
113 | |
114 | A simple application that lists and adds books. |
115 | |
116 | =item * |
117 | |
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118 | The use of L<DBIx::Class|DBIx::Class> (DBIC) for the model (including |
119 | some of the more advanced techniques you will probably want to use in |
120 | your applications). |
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121 | |
122 | =item * |
123 | |
124 | How to write CRUD (Create, Read, Update, and Delete) operations in |
125 | Catalyst. |
126 | |
127 | =item * |
128 | |
129 | Authentication ("auth"). |
130 | |
131 | =item * |
132 | |
133 | Role-based authorization ("authz"). |
134 | |
135 | =item * |
136 | |
137 | Attempts to provide an example showing current (5.7XXX) Catalyst |
138 | practices. For example, the use of |
139 | L<Catalyst::Action::RenderView|Catalyst::Action::RenderView>, |
140 | DBIC, L<Catalyst::Plugin::ConfigLoader|Catalyst::Plugin::ConfigLoader> |
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141 | with C<myapp.conf>, the use of C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Root.pm> |
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142 | vs. C<lib/MyApp.pm>, etc. |
143 | |
144 | =item * |
145 | |
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146 | The use of Template Toolkit (TT). |
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147 | |
148 | =item * |
149 | |
150 | Useful techniques for troubleshooting and debugging Catalyst |
151 | applications. |
152 | |
153 | =item * |
154 | |
155 | The use of SQLite as a database (with code also provided for MySQL and |
156 | PostgreSQL). |
157 | |
158 | =item * |
159 | |
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160 | The use of L<HTML::FormFu|HTML::FormFu> for automated form processing |
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161 | and validation. |
162 | |
163 | =back |
164 | |
165 | This tutorial makes the learning process its main priority. For |
166 | example, the level of comments in the code found here would likely be |
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167 | considered excessive in a "normal project." Because of their contextual |
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168 | value, this tutorial will generally favor inline comments over a |
169 | separate discussion in the text. It also deliberately tries to |
170 | demonstrate multiple approaches to various features (in general, you |
171 | should try to be as consistent as possible with your own production |
172 | code). |
173 | |
174 | Furthermore, this tutorial tries to minimize the number of controllers, |
175 | models, TT templates, and database tables. Although this does result in |
176 | things being a bit contrived at times, the concepts should be applicable |
177 | to more complex environments. More complete and complicated example |
178 | applications can be found in the C<examples> area of the Catalyst |
179 | Subversion repository at |
180 | L<http://dev.catalyst.perl.org/repos/Catalyst/trunk/examples/>. |
181 | |
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182 | |
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183 | =head1 VERSIONS AND CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS TUTORIAL |
184 | |
185 | This tutorial was built using the following resources. Please note that |
186 | you may need to make adjustments for different environments and |
187 | versions: |
188 | |
189 | =over 4 |
190 | |
191 | =item * |
192 | |
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193 | Debian 5 (Lenny) |
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194 | |
195 | =item * |
196 | |
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197 | Catalyst v5.71000 |
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198 | |
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199 | =item * |
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200 | |
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201 | Catalyst::Devel v1.08 |
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202 | |
203 | =item * |
204 | |
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205 | DBIx::Class v0.08012 |
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206 | |
207 | =item * |
208 | |
209 | Catalyst Plugins |
210 | |
211 | The plugins used in this tutorial all have sufficiently stable APIs that |
212 | you shouldn't need to worry about versions. However, there could be |
213 | cases where the tutorial is affected by what version of plugins you |
214 | use. This tutorial has been tested against the following set of plugins: |
215 | |
216 | =over 4 |
217 | |
218 | =item * |
219 | |
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220 | Catalyst::Plugin::Authentication -- v0.10006 |
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221 | |
222 | =item * |
223 | |
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224 | Catalyst::Plugin::Authorization::Roles -- v0.05 |
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225 | |
226 | =item * |
227 | |
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228 | Catalyst::Plugin::ConfigLoader -- v0.20 |
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229 | |
230 | =item * |
231 | |
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232 | Catalyst::Plugin::Session -- v0.19 |
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233 | |
234 | =item * |
235 | |
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236 | Catalyst::Plugin::Session::State::Cookie -- v0.09 |
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237 | |
238 | =item * |
239 | |
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240 | Catalyst::Plugin::Session::Store::FastMmap -- v0.05 |
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241 | |
242 | =item * |
243 | |
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244 | Catalyst::Plugin::StackTrace -- v0.08 |
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245 | |
246 | =item * |
247 | |
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248 | Catalyst::Plugin::Static::Simple -- v0.20 |
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249 | |
250 | =back |
251 | |
252 | =item * |
253 | |
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254 | B<NOTE:> You can check the versions you have installed with the |
255 | following command: |
256 | |
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257 | perl -M<_mod_name_> -e '"print $<_mod_name_>::VERSION\n"' |
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258 | |
259 | For example: |
260 | perl -MCatalyst::Plugin::StackTrace -e 'print "$Catalyst::Plugin::StackTrace::VERSION\n"' |
261 | |
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262 | Since the web browser is being used on the same box where Perl and the |
263 | Catalyst development server is running, the URL of |
264 | C<http://localhost:3000> will be used (the Catalyst development server |
265 | defaults to port 3000). If you are running Perl on a different box than |
266 | where your web browser is located (or using a different port number via |
267 | the C<-p> I<port_number> option to the development server), then you |
268 | will need to update the URL you use accordingly. |
269 | |
270 | =item * |
271 | |
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272 | Depending on the web browser you are using, you might need to hit |
273 | C<Shift+Reload> or C<Ctrl+Reload> to pull a fresh page when testing |
274 | your application at various points (see |
275 | L<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_your_cache> for a comprehensive |
276 | list of options for each browser). Also, the C<-k> keepalive option |
277 | to the development server can be necessary with some browsers |
278 | (especially Internet Explorer). |
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279 | |
280 | =back |
281 | |
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282 | |
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283 | =head1 CATALYST INSTALLATION |
284 | |
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285 | Although Catalyst installation has been a challenge in the past, the |
286 | good news is that there are a growing number of options to eliminate |
287 | (or at least dramatically simplify) this concern. Although a |
288 | compelling strength of Catalyst is that it makes use of many of the |
289 | modules in the vast repository that is CPAN, this can complicate the |
290 | installation process if you approach it in the wrong way. Consider |
291 | the following suggestions on the most common ways to get started with |
292 | a Catalyst development environment: |
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293 | |
294 | =over 4 |
295 | |
296 | =item * |
297 | |
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298 | Debian |
299 | |
300 | The Debian 5 live CD represents a great way for newcomers to |
301 | experiment with Catalyst. As a "live CD," you can simple boot from |
302 | the CD, run a few commands, and in a matter of minutes you should have |
303 | a fully function environment in which do this tutorial. B<The tutorial |
304 | was fully tested to work under Debian 5. Although it SHOULD work |
305 | under any Catalyst installation method you might choose, it can be |
306 | hard to guarantee this.> |
307 | |
308 | =over 4 |
309 | |
310 | =item * |
311 | |
312 | Download one of the ISO files from |
313 | L<http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/release/current-live/i386/iso-cd/>. |
314 | You can pick any one of the live CD variations will work, but |
315 | you may wish to consider the following points: |
316 | |
317 | =over 4 |
318 | |
319 | =item * |
320 | |
321 | "C<debian-live-500-i386-rescue.iso>" is probably the best all-around |
322 | option for most people because it includes many extra tools such as |
323 | the GCC compiler, therefore saving RAM (every package you need to |
324 | install when running from live CD consumes memory because RAM disk is |
325 | being used in lieu of real disk space). When initially booting under |
326 | this image, you may see some cryptic warning messages having to do |
327 | with various diagnostic tools it tries to load or enable, but you |
328 | should be able to safely ignore these. |
329 | |
330 | =item * |
331 | |
332 | "C<debian-live-500-i386-standard.iso>" is a great option because of |
333 | its compact size, but you will probably need approximately 1 GB of RAM |
334 | in the computer where you will run the tutorial. Because the |
335 | "standard" live CD comes with with a minimal set of tools, we will |
336 | have to install extra packages (such as the GCC compiler), all of |
337 | which will require RAM when running from a live CD. |
338 | |
339 | =item * |
340 | |
341 | The other ISO images include different flavors of X-Windows desktop |
342 | managers. You can select one of these if you don't mind the larger |
343 | download size and prefer a graphical environment. Be aware that these |
344 | disks do not come with the extra tools found on the "rescue" image, so |
345 | you will need adequate RAM to be able to install them just as you |
346 | would under the "standard" image. B<Use one of the "graphical" ISO |
347 | images if you want a graphical web browser on the same machine as |
348 | where you will run the tutorial.> (If you are using one of the non- |
349 | graphical images discussed above, you can still use a graphical web |
350 | browser from another machine and point it to your Catalyst development |
351 | machine.) |
352 | |
353 | =back |
354 | |
355 | =item * |
356 | |
357 | Boot off the CD. |
358 | |
359 | =item * |
360 | |
361 | Select "C<Live>" from the initial boot menu. |
362 | |
363 | =item * |
364 | |
365 | Once the system has booted to a "C<user@debian:~$>" prompt, enter the |
366 | following command to add the more current "unstable" package |
367 | repository: |
368 | |
369 | sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list |
370 | |
371 | Add the following line to the bottom of this file: |
372 | |
373 | deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable main |
374 | |
375 | If you are not familiar with VI, you can move to the bottom of this |
376 | file and press the "o" key to insert a new line and type the line |
377 | above. Then press the "Esc" key followed by a colon (":"), the |
378 | letters "wq" and then the "Enter" key. The rest of the tutorial will |
379 | assume that you know how to use some editor that is available from the |
380 | Linux command-line environment. |
381 | |
382 | =item * |
383 | |
384 | Install Catalyst: |
385 | |
386 | sudo aptitude update |
387 | sudo aptitude -y install sqlite3 libdbd-sqlite3-perl libcatalyst-perl \ |
388 | libcatalyst-modules-perl libconfig-general-perl libsql-translator-perl \ |
389 | libdatetime-perl libdatetime-format-mysql-perl libio-all-perl \ |
390 | libperl6-junction-perl |
391 | |
392 | Let it install (normally about a 30-second operaton) and you are |
393 | done. |
394 | |
395 | If you are using an image other than the "rescue" ISO, you will also need |
396 | to run the following command to install additional packages: |
397 | |
398 | sudo aptitude -y install gcc make libc6-dev |
399 | |
400 | If you are running from the Live CD, you probably also want to free up |
401 | some RAM disk space with the following: |
402 | |
403 | sudo aptitude clean |
404 | |
405 | NOTE: While the instructions above mention the Live CD because that |
406 | makes it easy for people new to Linux, you can obviously pick a |
407 | different Debian ISO image and install it to your hard drive. |
408 | Although there are many different ways to download and install Debian, |
409 | the "netinst" ISO image (such as "C<debian-500-i386-netinst.iso>" |
410 | represents a great option because it keeps your initial download small |
411 | (but still let's you install anything you want "over the network"). |
412 | |
413 | Here are some tips if you are running from a live CD and are running |
414 | out of disk space (which really means you are running out of RAM): |
415 | |
416 | =over 4 |
417 | |
418 | =item * |
419 | |
420 | Always run "C<aptitude clean>" after you install new packages to |
421 | delete the original .deb files (the files installed B<by> the .deb |
422 | package B<will> remain available, just the .deb package itself is |
423 | deleted). |
424 | |
425 | =item * |
426 | |
427 | If you are installing modules from CPAN, you can free up some space |
428 | with "C<rm -rf /root/.cpan/*>". |
429 | |
430 | =item * |
431 | |
432 | If necessary, you can remove the cached package information with the |
433 | command "C<rm -f /var/lib/apt/lists/*>". You can later pull this |
434 | information again via the command "C<aptitude update>". |
435 | |
436 | =item * |
437 | |
438 | You can save a small amount of space by commenting out the lines in |
439 | C</etc/apt/sources.list> that reference "deb-src" and |
440 | "security.debian.org". If you have already done an "C<aptitude |
441 | update>" with these repositories enabled, you can use the tip in the |
442 | previous bullet to free the space up (and then do another "C<aptitude |
443 | update>"). |
444 | |
445 | =item * |
446 | |
447 | Although you can free up space by removing packages you installed |
448 | since you last booted (check out "C<aptitude remove _pkg_name>"), |
449 | don't bother trying to remove packages already available at the time |
450 | of boot. Instead of freeing up space, it will actual I<consume> some |
451 | space. (The live CD uses these "burn in" packages right from the CD |
452 | disk vs. first loading them on the virtual RAM disk. However, if you |
453 | remove them, the system has to update various files, something that |
454 | I<does> consume some space on the virtual RAM disk.) |
455 | |
456 | =back |
457 | |
458 | =back |
459 | |
460 | =item * |
461 | |
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462 | Ubuntu |
463 | |
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464 | Ubuntu is an extremely popular offshoot of Debian. It provides |
465 | cutting edge versions of many common tools, application and libraries |
466 | in an easy-to-run live CD configuration (and because a single download |
467 | option can be used for both live CD and install-to-disk usage, it |
468 | keeps your download options nice and simple). As with Debian 5, you |
469 | should be able to generate a fully function Catalyst environment in a |
470 | matter of minutes. Here are quick instructions on how to use Ubuntu |
471 | to prepare for the tutorial: |
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472 | |
473 | =over 4 |
474 | |
475 | =item * |
476 | |
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477 | Download the Ubuntu Desktop edition and boot from the CD and/or image |
478 | file, select your language, and then "Try Ubuntu without any changes |
479 | to your computer." |
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480 | |
481 | =item * |
482 | |
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483 | Open a terminal session (click "Applications" in the upper-left |
484 | corner, then "Accessories," then "Terminal"). |
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485 | |
486 | =item * |
487 | |
488 | Add the 'universe' repositories: |
489 | |
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490 | sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list |
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491 | |
492 | And remove the comments from the lines under the comments about the |
493 | 'universe' repositories. |
494 | |
495 | =item * |
496 | |
497 | Install Catalyst: |
498 | |
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499 | sudo aptitude update |
500 | sudo aptitude install libdbd-sqlite3-perl libcatalyst-perl libcatalyst-modules-perl libconfig-general-perl |
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501 | |
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502 | Accept all of the dependencies. Done. |
503 | |
504 | If you are running from the Live CD, you probably also want to free up |
505 | some disk space with the following: |
506 | |
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507 | sudo aptitude clean |
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508 | |
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509 | NOTE: While the instructions above mention the live CD because that |
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510 | makes it easy for people new to Linux, you can obviously also use one |
511 | of the options to install Ubuntu on your drive. |
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512 | |
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513 | =back |
514 | |
515 | =item * |
516 | |
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517 | Matt Trout's C<cat-install> |
518 | |
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519 | Available at L<http://www.shadowcatsystems.co.uk/static/cat-install>, |
520 | C<cat-install> can be a fairly painless way to get Catalyst up and |
521 | running. Just download the script from the link above and type C<perl |
522 | cat-install>. Depending on the speed of your Internet connection and |
523 | your computer, it will probably take 30 to 60 minutes to install because |
524 | it downloads, makes, compiles, and tests every module. But this is an |
525 | excellent way to automate the installation of all the latest modules |
526 | used by Catalyst from CPAN. |
527 | |
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528 | |
529 | =item * |
530 | |
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531 | Other Possibilities |
532 | |
533 | =over 4 |
534 | |
535 | =item * |
536 | |
537 | OpenBSD Packages |
538 | |
539 | The 2008 Advent Day 4 entry has more information on using OpenBSD |
540 | packages to quickly build a system: |
541 | L<http://www.catalystframework.org/calendar/2008/4>. |
542 | |
543 | =item * |
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544 | |
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545 | NetBSD Package Collection on Solaris |
546 | |
547 | The 2008 Advent Day 15 entry has more information on using C<pkgsrc> and |
548 | NetBSD packages on Solaris: |
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549 | L<http://www.catalystframework.org/calendar/2008/15>. |
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550 | |
551 | =item * |
552 | |
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553 | CatInABox |
554 | |
555 | You can get more information at |
556 | L<http://www.catalystframework.org/calendar/2008/7> |
557 | or L<Perl::Dist::CatInABox|Perl::Dist::CatInABox>. |
558 | |
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559 | =item * |
560 | |
561 | Frank Speiser's Amazon EC2 Catalyst SDK |
562 | |
563 | There are currently two flavors of publicly available Amazon Machine |
564 | Images (AMI) that include all the elements you'd need to begin |
565 | developing in a fully functional Catalyst environment within minutes. |
566 | See L<Catalyst::Manual::Installation|Catalyst::Manual::Installation> |
567 | for more details. |
568 | |
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569 | =back |
570 | |
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571 | =back |
572 | |
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573 | For additional information and recommendations on Catalyst installation, |
574 | please refer to |
575 | L<Catalyst::Manual::Installation|Catalyst::Manual::Installation>. |
576 | |
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577 | |
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578 | =head1 DATABASES |
579 | |
580 | This tutorial will primarily focus on SQLite because of its simplicity |
581 | of installation and use; however, modifications in the script required |
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582 | to support MySQL and PostgreSQL will be presented in Appendix. |
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583 | |
584 | B<Note:> One of the advantages of the MVC design patterns is that |
585 | applications become much more database independent. As such, you will |
586 | notice that only the C<.sql> files used to initialize the database |
587 | change between database systems: the Catalyst code generally remains the |
588 | same. |
589 | |
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590 | |
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591 | =head1 WHERE TO GET WORKING CODE |
592 | |
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593 | Each chapter of the tutorial has complete code available as a tarball in |
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594 | the main Catalyst Subversion repository (see the note at the beginning |
595 | of each part for the appropriate svn command to use). |
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596 | |
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597 | B<NOTE:> You can run the test cases for the final code through Chapter 8 |
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598 | with the following commands: |
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599 | |
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600 | sudo cpan Catalyst::Model::DBIC::Schema Time::Warp DBICx::TestDatabase \ |
601 | DBIx::Class::DynamicDefault DBIx::Class::TimeStamp |
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602 | wget http://dev.catalyst.perl.org/repos/Catalyst/trunk/examples/Tutorial/MyApp_Chapter8.tgz |
603 | tar zxvf MyApp_Chapter8.tgz |
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604 | cd MyApp |
605 | CATALYST_DEBUG=0 prove --lib lib t |
606 | |
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607 | If you wish to include the L<HTML::FormFu|HTML::FormFu> section in |
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608 | your tests, substitute C<MyApp_Chapter9_FormFu.tgz> for |
609 | C<MyApp_Chapter8.tgz> in the URL above. However, you will also need to |
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610 | run the following additional commands: |
611 | |
612 | sudo aptitude -y install libhtml-formfu-perl libmoose-perl \ |
613 | libregexp-assemble-perl libhtml-formfu-model-dbic-perl |
614 | sudo aptitude clean |
615 | sudo cpan Catalyst::Component::InstancePerContext Catalyst::Controller::HTML::FormFu |
616 | |
617 | You can also fire up the application under the development server that is conveniently |
618 | built in to Catalyst. Just issue this command from the C<MyApp> directory where you |
619 | ran the test suite above: |
620 | |
621 | script/myapp_server.pl |
622 | |
623 | And the application will start. You can try out the application by |
624 | pulling up C<http://localhost:3000> in your web browser (as mentioned |
625 | earlier, change C<localhost> to a different IP address or DNS name if |
626 | you are running your web browser and your Catalyst development on |
627 | different boxes). We will obviously see more about how to use the |
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628 | application as we go through the remaining chapters of the tutorial, but |
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629 | for now you can log in using the username "test01" and a password of |
630 | "mypass". |
631 | |
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632 | |
633 | =head1 AUTHOR |
634 | |
635 | Kennedy Clark, C<hkclark@gmail.com> |
636 | |
637 | Please report any errors, issues or suggestions to the author. The |
638 | most recent version of the Catalyst Tutorial can be found at |
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639 | L<http://dev.catalyst.perl.org/repos/Catalyst/Catalyst-Manual/5.70/trunk/lib/Catalyst/Manual/Tutorial/>. |
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640 | |
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641 | Copyright 2006-2008, Kennedy Clark, under Creative Commons License |
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642 | (L<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/>). |