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1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
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3 | Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::AdvancedCRUD - Catalyst Tutorial - Part 8: Advanced CRUD |
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4 | |
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5 | =head1 OVERVIEW |
6 | |
7 | This is B<Part 8 of 9> for the Catalyst tutorial. |
8 | |
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9 | L<Tutorial Overview|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial> |
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10 | |
11 | =over 4 |
12 | |
13 | =item 1 |
14 | |
15 | L<Introduction|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Intro> |
16 | |
17 | =item 2 |
18 | |
19 | L<Catalyst Basics|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::CatalystBasics> |
20 | |
21 | =item 3 |
22 | |
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23 | L<Basic CRUD|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial_BasicCRUD> |
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24 | |
25 | =item 4 |
26 | |
27 | L<Authentication|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Authentication> |
28 | |
29 | =item 5 |
30 | |
31 | L<Authorization|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Authorization> |
32 | |
33 | =item 6 |
34 | |
35 | L<Debugging|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Debugging> |
36 | |
37 | =item 7 |
38 | |
39 | L<Testing|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Testing> |
40 | |
41 | =item 8 |
42 | |
43 | B<AdvancedCRUD> |
44 | |
45 | =item 9 |
46 | |
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47 | L<Appendices|Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial::Appendices> |
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48 | |
49 | =back |
50 | |
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51 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
52 | |
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53 | This part of the tutorial explores more advanced functionality for |
54 | Create, Read, Update, and Delete (CRUD) than we saw in Part 3. In |
55 | particular, it looks at a number of techniques that can be useful for |
56 | the Update portion of CRUD, such as automated form generation, |
57 | validation of user-entered data, and automated transfer of data between |
58 | forms and model objects. |
59 | |
60 | In keeping with the Catalyst (and Perl) spirit of flexibility, there are |
61 | many different ways approach advanced CRUD operations in a Catalyst |
62 | environment. One alternative is to use |
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63 | L<Catalyst::Helper::Controller::Scaffold|Catalyst::Helper::Controller::Scaffold> |
64 | to instantly construct a set of Controller methods and templates for |
65 | basic CRUD operations. Although a popular subject in Quicktime |
66 | movies that serve as promotional material for various frameworks, |
67 | real-world applications generally require more control. Other |
68 | options include L<Data::FormValidator|Data::FormValidator> and |
69 | L<HTML::FillInForm|HTML::FillInForm>. |
70 | |
71 | Here, we will make use of the L<HTML::Widget|HTML::Widget> to not only |
72 | ease form creation, but to also provide validation of the submitted |
73 | data. The approached used by the part of the tutorial is to slowly |
74 | incorporate additional L<HTML::Widget|HTML::Widget> functionality in a |
75 | step-wise fashion (we start with fairly simple form creation and then |
76 | move on to more complex and "magical" features such as validation and |
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77 | auto-population/auto-saving). |
78 | |
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79 | B<Note:> Part 8 of the tutorial is optional. Users who do not wish to |
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80 | use L<HTML::Widget|HTML::Widget> may skip this part. |
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81 | |
82 | B<TIP>: Note that all of the code for this part of the tutorial can be |
83 | pulled from the Catalyst Subversion repository in one step with the |
84 | following command: |
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85 | |
86 | svn checkout http://dev.catalyst.perl.org/repos/Catalyst/trunk/examples/Tutorial@### |
87 | IMPORTANT: Does not work yet. Will be completed for final version. |
88 | |
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89 | =head1 C<HTML::WIDGET> FORM CREATION |
90 | |
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91 | This section looks at how L<HTML::Widget|HTML::Widget> can be used to |
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92 | add additional functionality to the manually created form from Part 3. |
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93 | |
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94 | =head2 Add the C<HTML::Widget> Plugin |
95 | |
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96 | Open C<lib/MyApp.pm> in your editor and add the following to the list of |
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97 | plugins (be sure to leave the existing plugins enabled): |
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98 | |
99 | HTML::Widget |
100 | |
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101 | =head2 Add a Form Creation Helper Method |
102 | |
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103 | Open C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Books.pm> in your editor and add the |
104 | following method: |
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105 | |
106 | =head2 make_book_widget |
107 | |
108 | Build an HTML::Widget form for book creation and updates |
109 | |
110 | =cut |
111 | |
112 | sub make_book_widget { |
113 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
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114 | |
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115 | # Create an HTML::Widget to build the form |
116 | my $w = $c->widget('book_form')->method('post'); |
117 | |
118 | # Get authors |
119 | my @authorObjs = $c->model("MyAppDB::Author")->all(); |
120 | my @authors = map {$_->id => $_->last_name } |
121 | sort {$a->last_name cmp $b->last_name} @authorObjs; |
122 | |
123 | # Create the form feilds |
124 | $w->element('Textfield', 'title' )->label('Title')->size(60); |
125 | $w->element('Textfield', 'rating' )->label('Rating')->size(1); |
126 | $w->element('Select', 'authors')->label('Authors') |
127 | ->options(@authors); |
128 | $w->element('Submit', 'submit' )->value('submit'); |
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129 | |
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130 | # Return the widget |
131 | return $w; |
132 | } |
133 | |
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134 | This method provides a central location (so it can be called by multiple |
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135 | actions, such as C<create> and C<edit>) that builds an HTML::Widget-based |
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136 | form with the appropriate fields. The "Get Authors" code uses DBIC to |
137 | retrieve a list of model objects and then uses C<map> to create a hash |
138 | where the hash keys are the database primary keys from the authors table |
139 | and the associated values are the last names of the authors. |
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140 | |
141 | =head2 Add Actions to Display and Save the Form |
142 | |
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143 | Open C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Books.pm> in your editor and add the |
144 | following methods: |
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145 | |
146 | =head2 hw_create |
147 | |
148 | Build an HTML::Widget form for book creation and updates |
149 | |
150 | =cut |
151 | |
152 | sub hw_create : Local { |
153 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
154 | |
155 | # Create the widget and set the action for the form |
156 | my $w = $self->make_book_widget($c); |
157 | $w->action($c->uri_for('hw_create_do')); |
158 | |
159 | # Write form to stash variable for use in template |
160 | $c->stash->{widget_result} = $w->result; |
161 | |
162 | # Set the template |
163 | $c->stash->{template} = 'books/hw_form.tt2'; |
164 | } |
165 | |
166 | |
167 | =head2 hw_create_do |
168 | |
169 | Build an HTML::Widget form for book creation and updates |
170 | |
171 | =cut |
172 | |
173 | sub hw_create_do : Local { |
174 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
175 | |
176 | # Retrieve the data from the form |
177 | my $title = $c->request->params->{title}; |
178 | my $rating = $c->request->params->{rating}; |
179 | my $authors = $c->request->params->{authors}; |
180 | |
181 | # Call create() on the book model object. Pass the table |
182 | # columns/field values we want to set as hash values |
183 | my $book = $c->model('MyAppDB::Book')->create({ |
184 | title => $title, |
185 | rating => $rating |
186 | }); |
187 | |
188 | # Add a record to the join table for this book, mapping to |
189 | # appropriate author |
190 | $book->add_to_book_authors({author_id => $authors}); |
191 | |
192 | # Set a status message for the user |
193 | $c->stash->{status_msg} = 'Book created'; |
194 | |
195 | # Use 'hw_create' to redisplay the form |
196 | $c->detach('hw_create'); |
197 | |
198 | } |
199 | |
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200 | Note how we use C<make_book_widget> to build the core parts of the form |
201 | in one location, but we set the action (the URL the form is sent to when |
202 | the user clicks the 'Submit' button) separately in C<hw_create>. Doing |
203 | so allows us to have the same form submit the data to different actions |
204 | (e.g., C<hw_create_do> for a create operation but C<hw_update_do> to |
205 | update an existing book object). |
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206 | |
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207 | =head2 Update the CSS |
208 | |
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209 | Edit C<root/src/ttsite.css> and add the following lines to the bottom of |
210 | the file: |
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211 | |
212 | label { |
213 | display: block; |
214 | width: 10em; |
215 | position: relative; |
216 | margin: .5em 0em; |
217 | } |
218 | label input { |
219 | position: absolute; |
220 | left: 100%; |
221 | } |
222 | label select { |
223 | position: absolute; |
224 | left: 100%; |
225 | } |
226 | .submit { |
227 | margin-top: 2em;; |
228 | } |
229 | .error_messages { |
230 | color: [% site.col.error %]; |
231 | } |
232 | |
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233 | These changes will display form elements vertically and also show error |
234 | messages in red. Note that we are pulling the color scheme settings |
235 | from the C<root/lib/config/col> file that was created by the TTSite |
236 | helper. This allows us to change the color used by various error styles |
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237 | in the CSS from a single location. |
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238 | |
239 | =head2 Create a Template Page To Display The Form |
240 | |
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241 | Open C<root/src/books/hw_form.tt2> in your editor and enter the following: |
242 | |
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243 | [% META title = 'Create/Update Book' %] |
244 | |
245 | [% widget_result.as_xml %] |
246 | |
247 | <p><a href="[% Catalyst.uri_for('list') %]">Return to book list</a></p> |
248 | |
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249 | =head2 Add Links for Create and Update via C<HTML::Widget> |
250 | |
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251 | Open C<root/src/books/list.tt2> in your editor and add the following to |
252 | the bottom of the existing file: |
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253 | |
254 | <p> |
255 | HTML::Widget: |
256 | <a href="[% Catalyst.uri_for('hw_create') %]">Create</a> |
257 | <a href="[% Catalyst.uri_for('hw_update') %]">Update</a> |
258 | </p> |
259 | |
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260 | =head2 Test The <HTML::Widget> Create Form |
261 | |
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262 | Press C<Ctrl-C> to kill the previous server instance (if it's still |
263 | running) and restart it: |
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264 | |
265 | $ script/myapp_server.pl |
266 | |
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267 | Login as C<test01>. Once at the Book List page, click the HTML::Widget |
268 | "Create" link to display for form produced by C<make_book_widget>. Fill |
269 | out the form with the following values: Title = "Internetworking with |
270 | TCP/IP Vol. II", Rating = "4", and Author = "Comer". Click Submit, and |
271 | you will be returned to the Create/Update Book page with a "Book |
272 | created" status message displayed. Click "Return to book list" to view |
273 | the newly created book on the main list. |
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274 | |
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275 | Also note that this implementation allows you to can create books with |
276 | bogus information. Although we have constrained the authors with the |
277 | drop-down list, there are no restrictions on items such as the length of |
278 | the title (for example, you can create a one-letter title) and value for |
279 | the rating (you can use any number you want, and even non-numeric values |
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280 | with SQLite). The next section will address this concern. |
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281 | |
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282 | B<Note:> Depending on the database you are using and how you established |
283 | the columns in your tables, the database could obviously provide various |
284 | levels of "type enforcement" on your data. The key point being made in |
285 | the previous paragraph is that the I<web application> itself is not |
286 | performing any validation. |
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287 | |
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288 | =head1 C<HTML::WIDGET> VALIDATION AND FILTERING |
289 | |
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290 | Although the use of L<HTML::Widget|HTML::Widget> in the previous section |
291 | did provide an automated mechanism to build the form, the real power of |
292 | this module stems from functionality that can automatically validate and |
293 | filter the user input. Validation uses constraints to be sure that |
294 | users input appropriate data (for example, that the email field of a |
295 | form contains a valid email address). Filtering can be used to remove |
296 | extraneous whitespace from fields or to escape meta-characters in user |
297 | input. |
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298 | |
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299 | =head2 Add Constraints and Filters to the Widget Creation Method |
300 | |
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301 | Open C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Books.pm> in your editor and update the |
302 | C<make_book_widget> method to match the following (new sections have |
303 | been marked with a C<*** NEW:> comment): |
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304 | |
305 | sub make_book_widget { |
306 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
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307 | |
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308 | # Create an HTML::Widget to build the form |
309 | my $w = $c->widget('book_form')->method('post'); |
310 | |
311 | # Get authors |
312 | my @authorObjs = $c->model("MyAppDB::Author")->all(); |
313 | my @authors = map {$_->id => $_->last_name } |
314 | sort {$a->last_name cmp $b->last_name} @authorObjs; |
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315 | |
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316 | # Create the form feilds |
317 | $w->element('Textfield', 'title' )->label('Title')->size(60); |
318 | $w->element('Textfield', 'rating' )->label('Rating')->size(1); |
319 | # ***NEW: Convert to multi-select list |
320 | $w->element('Select', 'authors')->label('Authors') |
321 | ->options(@authors)->multiple(1)->size(3); |
322 | $w->element('Submit', 'submit' )->value('submit'); |
323 | |
324 | # ***NEW: Set constraints |
325 | $w->constraint(All => qw/title rating authors/) |
326 | ->message('Required. '); |
327 | $w->constraint(Integer => qw/rating/) |
328 | ->message('Must be an integer. '); |
329 | $w->constraint(Range => qw/rating/)->min(1)->max(5) |
330 | ->message('Must be a number between 1 and 5. '); |
331 | $w->constraint(Length => qw/title/)->min(5)->max(50) |
332 | ->message('Must be between 5 and 50 characters. '); |
333 | |
334 | # ***NEW: Set filters |
335 | for my $column (qw/title rating authors/) { |
336 | $w->filter( HTMLEscape => $column ); |
337 | $w->filter( TrimEdges => $column ); |
338 | } |
339 | |
340 | # Return the widget |
341 | return $w; |
342 | } |
343 | |
344 | The main changes are: |
345 | |
346 | =over 4 |
347 | |
348 | =item * |
349 | |
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350 | The C<Select> element for C<authors> is changed from a single-select |
351 | drop-down to a multi-select list by adding calls to C<multiple> (set to |
352 | C<true>) and C<size> (set to the number of rows to display). |
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353 | |
354 | =item * |
355 | |
356 | Four sets of constraints are added to provide validation of the user input. |
357 | |
358 | =item * |
359 | |
360 | Two filters are run on every field to remove and escape unwanted input. |
361 | |
362 | =back |
363 | |
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364 | =head2 Rebuild the Form Submission Method to Include Validation |
365 | |
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366 | Edit C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Books.pm> and change C<hw_create_do> to |
367 | match the following code (enough of the code is different that you |
368 | probably want to cut and paste this over code the existing method): |
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369 | |
370 | sub hw_create_do : Local { |
371 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
372 | |
373 | # Retrieve the data from the form |
374 | my $title = $c->request->params->{title}; |
375 | my $rating = $c->request->params->{rating}; |
376 | my $authors = $c->request->params->{authors}; |
377 | |
378 | # Create the widget and set the action for the form |
379 | my $w = $self->make_book_widget($c); |
380 | $w->action($c->uri_for('hw_create_do')); |
381 | |
382 | # Validate the form parameters |
383 | my $result = $w->process($c->req); |
384 | |
385 | # Write form (including validation error messages) to |
386 | # stash variable for use in template |
387 | $c->stash->{widget_result} = $result; |
388 | |
389 | # Were their validation errors? |
390 | if ($result->has_errors) { |
391 | # Warn the user at the top of the form that there were errors. |
392 | # Note that there will also be per-field feedback on |
393 | # validation errors because of '$w->process($c->req)' above. |
394 | $c->stash->{error_msg} = 'Validation errors!'; |
395 | } else { |
396 | # Everything validated OK, so do the create |
397 | # Call create() on the book model object. Pass the table |
398 | # columns/field values we want to set as hash values |
399 | my $book = $c->model('MyAppDB::Book')->create({ |
400 | title => $title, |
401 | rating => $rating |
402 | }); |
403 | |
404 | # Add a record to the join table for this book, mapping to |
405 | # appropriate author. Note that $authors will be 1 author as |
406 | # a scalar or ref to list of authors depending on how many the |
407 | # user selected; the 'ref $authors ?...' handles both cases |
408 | foreach my $author (ref $authors ? @$authors : $authors) { |
409 | $book->add_to_book_authors({author_id => $author}); |
410 | } |
411 | # Set a status message for the user |
412 | $c->stash->{status_msg} = 'Book created'; |
413 | } |
414 | |
415 | # Set the template |
416 | $c->stash->{template} = 'books/hw_form.tt2'; |
417 | } |
418 | |
419 | The key changes to C<hw_create_do> are: |
420 | |
421 | =over 4 |
422 | |
423 | =item * |
424 | |
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425 | C<hw_create_do> no longer does a C<detach> to C<hw_create> to redisplay |
426 | the form. Now that C<hw_create_do> has to process the form in order to |
427 | perform the validation, we go ahead and build a complete set of form |
428 | presentation logic into C<hw_create_do> (for example, C<hw_create_do> |
429 | now has a C<$c-E<gt>stash-E<gt>{template}> line). Note that if we |
430 | process the form in C<hw_create_do> I<and> forward/detach back to |
431 | <hw_create>, we would end up with C<make_book_widget> being called |
432 | twice, resulting in a duplicate set of elements being added to the form. |
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433 | |
434 | =item * |
435 | |
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436 | C<$w-E<gt>process($c-E<gt>req)> is called to run the validation logic. |
437 | Not only does this set the C<has_errors> flag if validation errors are |
438 | encountered, it returns a string containing any field-specific warning |
439 | messages. |
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440 | |
441 | =item * |
442 | |
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443 | An C<if> statement checks if any validation errors were encountered. If |
444 | so, C<$c-E<gt>stash-E<gt>{error_msg}> is set and the input form is |
445 | redisplayed. If no errors were found, the object is created in a manner |
446 | similar to the prior version of the C<hw_create_do> method. |
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447 | |
448 | =back |
449 | |
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450 | =head2 Try Out the Form |
451 | |
452 | Press C<Ctrl-C> to kill the previous server instance (if it's still running) and restart it: |
453 | |
454 | $ script/myapp_server.pl |
455 | |
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456 | Now try adding a book with various errors: title less than 5 characters, |
457 | non-numeric rating, a rating of 0 or 6, etc. Also try selecting one, |
458 | two, and zero authors. When you click Submit, the HTML::Widget |
459 | C<constraint> items will validate the logic and insert feedback as |
460 | appropriate. |
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461 | |
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462 | =head1 Enable C<DBIx::Class::HTMLWidget> Support |
463 | |
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464 | In this section we will take advantage of some of the "auto-population" |
465 | features of C<DBIx::Class::HTMLWidget>. Enabling |
466 | C<DBIx::Class::HTMLWidget> provides two additional methods to your DBIC |
467 | model classes: |
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468 | |
469 | =over 4 |
470 | |
471 | =item * |
472 | |
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473 | fill_widget() |
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474 | |
475 | Takes data from the database and transfers it to your form widget. |
476 | |
477 | =item * |
478 | |
479 | populate_from_widget() |
480 | |
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481 | Takes data from a form widget and uses it to update the corresponding |
482 | records in the database. |
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483 | |
484 | =back |
485 | |
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486 | In other words, the two methods are a mirror image of each other: one |
487 | reads from the database while the other writes to the database. |
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488 | |
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489 | =head2 Add C<DBIx::Class::HTMLWidget> to DBIC Model |
490 | |
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491 | In order to use L<DBIx::Class::HTMLWidget|DBIx::Class::HTMLWidget>, we |
492 | need to add C<HTMLWidget> to the C<load_components> line of DBIC result |
493 | source files that need to use the C<fill_widget> and |
494 | C<populate_from_widget> methods. In this case, open |
495 | C<lib/MyAppDB/Book.pm> and update the C<load_components> line to match: |
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496 | |
497 | __PACKAGE__->load_components(qw/PK::Auto Core HTMLWidget/); |
498 | |
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499 | =head2 Use C<populate_from_widget> in C<hw_create_do> |
500 | |
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501 | Edit C<lib/MyApp/Controller/Books.pm> and update C<hw_create_do> to |
502 | match the following code: |
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503 | |
504 | =head2 hw_create_do |
505 | |
506 | Build an HTML::Widget form for book creation and updates |
507 | |
508 | =cut |
509 | |
510 | sub hw_create_do : Local { |
511 | my ($self, $c) = @_; |
512 | |
513 | # Create the widget and set the action for the form |
514 | my $w = $self->make_book_widget($c); |
515 | $w->action($c->uri_for('hw_create_do')); |
516 | |
517 | # Validate the form parameters |
518 | my $result = $w->process($c->req); |
519 | |
520 | # Write form (including validation error messages) to |
521 | # stash variable for use in template |
522 | $c->stash->{widget_result} = $result; |
523 | |
524 | # Were their validation errors? |
525 | if ($result->has_errors) { |
526 | # Warn the user at the top of the form that there were errors. |
527 | # Note that there will also be per-field feedback on |
528 | # validation errors because of '$w->process($c->req)' above. |
529 | $c->stash->{error_msg} = 'Validation errors!'; |
530 | } else { |
531 | my $book = $c->model('MyAppDB::Book')->new({}); |
532 | $book->populate_from_widget($result); |
533 | |
534 | # Add a record to the join table for this book, mapping to |
535 | # appropriate author. Note that $authors will be 1 author as |
536 | # a scalar or ref to list of authors depending on how many the |
537 | # user selected; the 'ref $authors ?...' handles both cases |
538 | my $authors = $c->request->params->{authors}; |
539 | foreach my $author (ref $authors ? @$authors : $authors) { |
540 | $book->add_to_book_authors({author_id => $author}); |
541 | } |
542 | |
543 | # Set a status message for the user |
544 | $c->stash->{status_msg} = 'Book created'; |
545 | } |
546 | |
547 | # Set the template |
548 | $c->stash->{template} = 'books/hw_form.tt2'; |
549 | } |
550 | |
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551 | In this version of C<hw_create_do> we removed the logic that manually |
552 | pulled the form variables and used them to call |
553 | C<$c-E<gt>model('MyAppDB::Book')-E<gt>create> and replaced it with a |
554 | single call to C<$book-E<gt>populate_from_widget>. Note that we still |
555 | have to call C<$book-E<gt>add_to_book_authors> once per author because |
556 | C<populate_from_widget> does not currently handle the relationships |
557 | between tables. |
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558 | |
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559 | |
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560 | =head1 AUTHOR |
561 | |
562 | Kennedy Clark, C<hkclark@gmail.com> |
563 | |
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564 | Please report any errors, issues or suggestions to the author. The |
565 | most recent version of the Catlayst Tutorial can be found at |
566 | L<http://dev.catalyst.perl.org/repos/Catalyst/trunk/Catalyst-Runtime/lib/Catalyst/Manual/Tutorial/>. |
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567 | |
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568 | Copyright 2006, Kennedy Clark, under Creative Commons License |
569 | (L<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/>). |