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1 | package Attribute::Handlers; |
2 | use 5.006; |
3 | use Carp; |
4 | use warnings; |
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5 | use strict; |
6 | use vars qw($VERSION $AUTOLOAD); |
7 | $VERSION = '0.78_06'; |
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8 | # $DB::single=1; |
9 | |
10 | my %symcache; |
11 | sub findsym { |
12 | my ($pkg, $ref, $type) = @_; |
13 | return $symcache{$pkg,$ref} if $symcache{$pkg,$ref}; |
14 | $type ||= ref($ref); |
15 | my $found; |
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16 | no strict 'refs'; |
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17 | foreach my $sym ( values %{$pkg."::"} ) { |
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18 | use strict; |
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19 | next unless ref ( \$sym ) eq 'GLOB'; |
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20 | return $symcache{$pkg,$ref} = \$sym |
21 | if *{$sym}{$type} && *{$sym}{$type} == $ref; |
22 | } |
23 | } |
24 | |
25 | my %validtype = ( |
26 | VAR => [qw[SCALAR ARRAY HASH]], |
27 | ANY => [qw[SCALAR ARRAY HASH CODE]], |
28 | "" => [qw[SCALAR ARRAY HASH CODE]], |
29 | SCALAR => [qw[SCALAR]], |
30 | ARRAY => [qw[ARRAY]], |
31 | HASH => [qw[HASH]], |
32 | CODE => [qw[CODE]], |
33 | ); |
34 | my %lastattr; |
35 | my @declarations; |
36 | my %raw; |
37 | my %phase; |
38 | my %sigil = (SCALAR=>'$', ARRAY=>'@', HASH=>'%'); |
39 | my $global_phase = 0; |
40 | my %global_phases = ( |
41 | BEGIN => 0, |
42 | CHECK => 1, |
43 | INIT => 2, |
44 | END => 3, |
45 | ); |
46 | my @global_phases = qw(BEGIN CHECK INIT END); |
47 | |
48 | sub _usage_AH_ { |
49 | croak "Usage: use $_[0] autotie => {AttrName => TieClassName,...}"; |
50 | } |
51 | |
52 | my $qual_id = qr/^[_a-z]\w*(::[_a-z]\w*)*$/i; |
53 | |
54 | sub import { |
55 | my $class = shift @_; |
56 | return unless $class eq "Attribute::Handlers"; |
57 | while (@_) { |
58 | my $cmd = shift; |
59 | if ($cmd =~ /^autotie((?:ref)?)$/) { |
60 | my $tiedata = ($1 ? '$ref, ' : '') . '@$data'; |
61 | my $mapping = shift; |
62 | _usage_AH_ $class unless ref($mapping) eq 'HASH'; |
63 | while (my($attr, $tieclass) = each %$mapping) { |
64 | $tieclass =~ s/^([_a-z]\w*(::[_a-z]\w*)*)(.*)/$1/is; |
65 | my $args = $3||'()'; |
66 | _usage_AH_ $class unless $attr =~ $qual_id |
67 | && $tieclass =~ $qual_id |
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68 | && eval "use base q\0$tieclass\0; 1"; |
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69 | if ($tieclass->isa('Exporter')) { |
70 | local $Exporter::ExportLevel = 2; |
71 | $tieclass->import(eval $args); |
72 | } |
73 | $attr =~ s/__CALLER__/caller(1)/e; |
74 | $attr = caller()."::".$attr unless $attr =~ /::/; |
75 | eval qq{ |
76 | sub $attr : ATTR(VAR) { |
77 | my (\$ref, \$data) = \@_[2,4]; |
78 | my \$was_arrayref = ref \$data eq 'ARRAY'; |
79 | \$data = [ \$data ] unless \$was_arrayref; |
80 | my \$type = ref(\$ref)||"value (".(\$ref||"<undef>").")"; |
81 | (\$type eq 'SCALAR')? tie \$\$ref,'$tieclass',$tiedata |
82 | :(\$type eq 'ARRAY') ? tie \@\$ref,'$tieclass',$tiedata |
83 | :(\$type eq 'HASH') ? tie \%\$ref,'$tieclass',$tiedata |
84 | : die "Can't autotie a \$type\n" |
85 | } 1 |
86 | } or die "Internal error: $@"; |
87 | } |
88 | } |
89 | else { |
90 | croak "Can't understand $_"; |
91 | } |
92 | } |
93 | } |
94 | sub _resolve_lastattr { |
95 | return unless $lastattr{ref}; |
96 | my $sym = findsym @lastattr{'pkg','ref'} |
97 | or die "Internal error: $lastattr{pkg} symbol went missing"; |
98 | my $name = *{$sym}{NAME}; |
99 | warn "Declaration of $name attribute in package $lastattr{pkg} may clash with future reserved word\n" |
100 | if $^W and $name !~ /[A-Z]/; |
101 | foreach ( @{$validtype{$lastattr{type}}} ) { |
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102 | no strict 'refs'; |
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103 | *{"$lastattr{pkg}::_ATTR_${_}_${name}"} = $lastattr{ref}; |
104 | } |
105 | %lastattr = (); |
106 | } |
107 | |
108 | sub AUTOLOAD { |
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109 | return if $AUTOLOAD =~ /::DESTROY$/; |
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110 | my ($class) = $AUTOLOAD =~ m/(.*)::/g; |
111 | $AUTOLOAD =~ m/_ATTR_(.*?)_(.*)/ or |
112 | croak "Can't locate class method '$AUTOLOAD' via package '$class'"; |
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113 | croak "Attribute handler '$2' doesn't handle $1 attributes"; |
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114 | } |
115 | |
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116 | my $builtin = qr/lvalue|method|locked|unique|shared/; |
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117 | |
118 | sub _gen_handler_AH_() { |
119 | return sub { |
120 | _resolve_lastattr; |
121 | my ($pkg, $ref, @attrs) = @_; |
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122 | my (undef, $filename, $linenum) = caller 2; |
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123 | foreach (@attrs) { |
124 | my ($attr, $data) = /^([a-z_]\w*)(?:[(](.*)[)])?$/is or next; |
125 | if ($attr eq 'ATTR') { |
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126 | no strict 'refs'; |
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127 | $data ||= "ANY"; |
128 | $raw{$ref} = $data =~ s/\s*,?\s*RAWDATA\s*,?\s*//; |
129 | $phase{$ref}{BEGIN} = 1 |
130 | if $data =~ s/\s*,?\s*(BEGIN)\s*,?\s*//; |
131 | $phase{$ref}{INIT} = 1 |
132 | if $data =~ s/\s*,?\s*(INIT)\s*,?\s*//; |
133 | $phase{$ref}{END} = 1 |
134 | if $data =~ s/\s*,?\s*(END)\s*,?\s*//; |
135 | $phase{$ref}{CHECK} = 1 |
136 | if $data =~ s/\s*,?\s*(CHECK)\s*,?\s*// |
137 | || ! keys %{$phase{$ref}}; |
138 | # Added for cleanup to not pollute next call. |
139 | (%lastattr = ()), |
140 | croak "Can't have two ATTR specifiers on one subroutine" |
141 | if keys %lastattr; |
142 | croak "Bad attribute type: ATTR($data)" |
143 | unless $validtype{$data}; |
144 | %lastattr=(pkg=>$pkg,ref=>$ref,type=>$data); |
145 | } |
146 | else { |
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147 | my $type = ref $ref; |
148 | my $handler = $pkg->can("_ATTR_${type}_${attr}"); |
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149 | next unless $handler; |
150 | my $decl = [$pkg, $ref, $attr, $data, |
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151 | $raw{$handler}, $phase{$handler}, $filename, $linenum]; |
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152 | foreach my $gphase (@global_phases) { |
153 | _apply_handler_AH_($decl,$gphase) |
154 | if $global_phases{$gphase} <= $global_phase; |
155 | } |
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156 | if ($global_phase != 0) { |
157 | # if _gen_handler_AH_ is being called after |
158 | # CHECK it's for a lexical, so make sure |
159 | # it didn't want to run anything later |
160 | |
161 | local $Carp::CarpLevel = 2; |
162 | carp "Won't be able to apply END handler" |
163 | if $phase{$handler}{END}; |
164 | } |
165 | else { |
166 | push @declarations, $decl |
167 | } |
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168 | } |
169 | $_ = undef; |
170 | } |
171 | return grep {defined && !/$builtin/} @attrs; |
172 | } |
173 | } |
174 | |
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175 | { |
176 | no strict 'refs'; |
177 | *{"Attribute::Handlers::UNIVERSAL::MODIFY_${_}_ATTRIBUTES"} = |
178 | _gen_handler_AH_ foreach @{$validtype{ANY}}; |
179 | } |
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180 | push @UNIVERSAL::ISA, 'Attribute::Handlers::UNIVERSAL' |
181 | unless grep /^Attribute::Handlers::UNIVERSAL$/, @UNIVERSAL::ISA; |
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182 | |
183 | sub _apply_handler_AH_ { |
184 | my ($declaration, $phase) = @_; |
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185 | my ($pkg, $ref, $attr, $data, $raw, $handlerphase, $filename, $linenum) = @$declaration; |
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186 | return unless $handlerphase->{$phase}; |
187 | # print STDERR "Handling $attr on $ref in $phase with [$data]\n"; |
188 | my $type = ref $ref; |
189 | my $handler = "_ATTR_${type}_${attr}"; |
190 | my $sym = findsym($pkg, $ref); |
191 | $sym ||= $type eq 'CODE' ? 'ANON' : 'LEXICAL'; |
192 | no warnings; |
193 | my $evaled = !$raw && eval("package $pkg; no warnings; |
194 | local \$SIG{__WARN__}=sub{die}; [$data]"); |
195 | $data = ($evaled && $data =~ /^\s*\[/) ? [$evaled] |
196 | : ($evaled) ? $evaled |
197 | : [$data]; |
198 | $pkg->$handler($sym, |
199 | (ref $sym eq 'GLOB' ? *{$sym}{ref $ref}||$ref : $ref), |
200 | $attr, |
201 | (@$data>1? $data : $data->[0]), |
202 | $phase, |
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203 | $filename, |
204 | $linenum, |
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205 | ); |
206 | return 1; |
207 | } |
208 | |
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209 | { |
210 | no warnings 'void'; |
211 | CHECK { |
212 | $global_phase++; |
213 | _resolve_lastattr; |
214 | _apply_handler_AH_($_,'CHECK') foreach @declarations; |
215 | } |
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216 | |
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217 | INIT { |
218 | $global_phase++; |
219 | _apply_handler_AH_($_,'INIT') foreach @declarations |
220 | } |
221 | } |
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222 | |
223 | END { $global_phase++; _apply_handler_AH_($_,'END') foreach @declarations } |
224 | |
225 | 1; |
226 | __END__ |
227 | |
228 | =head1 NAME |
229 | |
230 | Attribute::Handlers - Simpler definition of attribute handlers |
231 | |
232 | =head1 VERSION |
233 | |
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234 | This document describes version 0.78 of Attribute::Handlers, |
235 | released October 5, 2002. |
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236 | |
237 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
238 | |
239 | package MyClass; |
240 | require v5.6.0; |
241 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
242 | no warnings 'redefine'; |
243 | |
244 | |
245 | sub Good : ATTR(SCALAR) { |
246 | my ($package, $symbol, $referent, $attr, $data) = @_; |
247 | |
248 | # Invoked for any scalar variable with a :Good attribute, |
249 | # provided the variable was declared in MyClass (or |
250 | # a derived class) or typed to MyClass. |
251 | |
252 | # Do whatever to $referent here (executed in CHECK phase). |
253 | ... |
254 | } |
255 | |
256 | sub Bad : ATTR(SCALAR) { |
257 | # Invoked for any scalar variable with a :Bad attribute, |
258 | # provided the variable was declared in MyClass (or |
259 | # a derived class) or typed to MyClass. |
260 | ... |
261 | } |
262 | |
263 | sub Good : ATTR(ARRAY) { |
264 | # Invoked for any array variable with a :Good attribute, |
265 | # provided the variable was declared in MyClass (or |
266 | # a derived class) or typed to MyClass. |
267 | ... |
268 | } |
269 | |
270 | sub Good : ATTR(HASH) { |
271 | # Invoked for any hash variable with a :Good attribute, |
272 | # provided the variable was declared in MyClass (or |
273 | # a derived class) or typed to MyClass. |
274 | ... |
275 | } |
276 | |
277 | sub Ugly : ATTR(CODE) { |
278 | # Invoked for any subroutine declared in MyClass (or a |
279 | # derived class) with an :Ugly attribute. |
280 | ... |
281 | } |
282 | |
283 | sub Omni : ATTR { |
284 | # Invoked for any scalar, array, hash, or subroutine |
285 | # with an :Omni attribute, provided the variable or |
286 | # subroutine was declared in MyClass (or a derived class) |
287 | # or the variable was typed to MyClass. |
288 | # Use ref($_[2]) to determine what kind of referent it was. |
289 | ... |
290 | } |
291 | |
292 | |
293 | use Attribute::Handlers autotie => { Cycle => Tie::Cycle }; |
294 | |
295 | my $next : Cycle(['A'..'Z']); |
296 | |
297 | |
298 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
299 | |
300 | This module, when inherited by a package, allows that package's class to |
301 | define attribute handler subroutines for specific attributes. Variables |
302 | and subroutines subsequently defined in that package, or in packages |
303 | derived from that package may be given attributes with the same names as |
304 | the attribute handler subroutines, which will then be called in one of |
305 | the compilation phases (i.e. in a C<BEGIN>, C<CHECK>, C<INIT>, or C<END> |
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306 | block). (C<UNITCHECK> blocks don't correspond to a global compilation |
307 | phase, so they can't be specified here.) |
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308 | |
309 | To create a handler, define it as a subroutine with the same name as |
310 | the desired attribute, and declare the subroutine itself with the |
311 | attribute C<:ATTR>. For example: |
312 | |
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313 | package LoudDecl; |
314 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
315 | |
316 | sub Loud :ATTR { |
317 | my ($package, $symbol, $referent, $attr, $data, $phase, $filename, $linenum) = @_; |
318 | print STDERR |
319 | ref($referent), " ", |
320 | *{$symbol}{NAME}, " ", |
321 | "($referent) ", "was just declared ", |
322 | "and ascribed the ${attr} attribute ", |
323 | "with data ($data)\n", |
324 | "in phase $phase\n", |
325 | "in file $filename at line $linenum\n"; |
326 | } |
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327 | |
328 | This creates a handler for the attribute C<:Loud> in the class LoudDecl. |
329 | Thereafter, any subroutine declared with a C<:Loud> attribute in the class |
330 | LoudDecl: |
331 | |
332 | package LoudDecl; |
333 | |
334 | sub foo: Loud {...} |
335 | |
336 | causes the above handler to be invoked, and passed: |
337 | |
338 | =over |
339 | |
340 | =item [0] |
341 | |
342 | the name of the package into which it was declared; |
343 | |
344 | =item [1] |
345 | |
346 | a reference to the symbol table entry (typeglob) containing the subroutine; |
347 | |
348 | =item [2] |
349 | |
350 | a reference to the subroutine; |
351 | |
352 | =item [3] |
353 | |
354 | the name of the attribute; |
355 | |
356 | =item [4] |
357 | |
358 | any data associated with that attribute; |
359 | |
360 | =item [5] |
361 | |
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362 | the name of the phase in which the handler is being invoked; |
363 | |
364 | =item [6] |
365 | |
366 | the filename in which the handler is being invoked; |
367 | |
368 | =item [7] |
369 | |
370 | the line number in this file. |
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371 | |
372 | =back |
373 | |
374 | Likewise, declaring any variables with the C<:Loud> attribute within the |
375 | package: |
376 | |
377 | package LoudDecl; |
378 | |
379 | my $foo :Loud; |
380 | my @foo :Loud; |
381 | my %foo :Loud; |
382 | |
383 | will cause the handler to be called with a similar argument list (except, |
384 | of course, that C<$_[2]> will be a reference to the variable). |
385 | |
386 | The package name argument will typically be the name of the class into |
387 | which the subroutine was declared, but it may also be the name of a derived |
388 | class (since handlers are inherited). |
389 | |
390 | If a lexical variable is given an attribute, there is no symbol table to |
391 | which it belongs, so the symbol table argument (C<$_[1]>) is set to the |
392 | string C<'LEXICAL'> in that case. Likewise, ascribing an attribute to |
393 | an anonymous subroutine results in a symbol table argument of C<'ANON'>. |
394 | |
395 | The data argument passes in the value (if any) associated with the |
396 | attribute. For example, if C<&foo> had been declared: |
397 | |
398 | sub foo :Loud("turn it up to 11, man!") {...} |
399 | |
400 | then the string C<"turn it up to 11, man!"> would be passed as the |
401 | last argument. |
402 | |
403 | Attribute::Handlers makes strenuous efforts to convert |
404 | the data argument (C<$_[4]>) to a useable form before passing it to |
405 | the handler (but see L<"Non-interpretive attribute handlers">). |
406 | For example, all of these: |
407 | |
408 | sub foo :Loud(till=>ears=>are=>bleeding) {...} |
409 | sub foo :Loud(['till','ears','are','bleeding']) {...} |
410 | sub foo :Loud(qw/till ears are bleeding/) {...} |
411 | sub foo :Loud(qw/my, ears, are, bleeding/) {...} |
412 | sub foo :Loud(till,ears,are,bleeding) {...} |
413 | |
414 | causes it to pass C<['till','ears','are','bleeding']> as the handler's |
415 | data argument. However, if the data can't be parsed as valid Perl, then |
416 | it is passed as an uninterpreted string. For example: |
417 | |
418 | sub foo :Loud(my,ears,are,bleeding) {...} |
419 | sub foo :Loud(qw/my ears are bleeding) {...} |
420 | |
421 | cause the strings C<'my,ears,are,bleeding'> and C<'qw/my ears are bleeding'> |
422 | respectively to be passed as the data argument. |
423 | |
424 | If the attribute has only a single associated scalar data value, that value is |
425 | passed as a scalar. If multiple values are associated, they are passed as an |
426 | array reference. If no value is associated with the attribute, C<undef> is |
427 | passed. |
428 | |
429 | |
430 | =head2 Typed lexicals |
431 | |
432 | Regardless of the package in which it is declared, if a lexical variable is |
433 | ascribed an attribute, the handler that is invoked is the one belonging to |
434 | the package to which it is typed. For example, the following declarations: |
435 | |
436 | package OtherClass; |
437 | |
438 | my LoudDecl $loudobj : Loud; |
439 | my LoudDecl @loudobjs : Loud; |
440 | my LoudDecl %loudobjex : Loud; |
441 | |
442 | causes the LoudDecl::Loud handler to be invoked (even if OtherClass also |
443 | defines a handler for C<:Loud> attributes). |
444 | |
445 | |
446 | =head2 Type-specific attribute handlers |
447 | |
448 | If an attribute handler is declared and the C<:ATTR> specifier is |
449 | given the name of a built-in type (C<SCALAR>, C<ARRAY>, C<HASH>, or C<CODE>), |
450 | the handler is only applied to declarations of that type. For example, |
451 | the following definition: |
452 | |
453 | package LoudDecl; |
454 | |
455 | sub RealLoud :ATTR(SCALAR) { print "Yeeeeow!" } |
456 | |
457 | creates an attribute handler that applies only to scalars: |
458 | |
459 | |
460 | package Painful; |
461 | use base LoudDecl; |
462 | |
463 | my $metal : RealLoud; # invokes &LoudDecl::RealLoud |
464 | my @metal : RealLoud; # error: unknown attribute |
465 | my %metal : RealLoud; # error: unknown attribute |
466 | sub metal : RealLoud {...} # error: unknown attribute |
467 | |
468 | You can, of course, declare separate handlers for these types as well |
469 | (but you'll need to specify C<no warnings 'redefine'> to do it quietly): |
470 | |
471 | package LoudDecl; |
472 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
473 | no warnings 'redefine'; |
474 | |
475 | sub RealLoud :ATTR(SCALAR) { print "Yeeeeow!" } |
476 | sub RealLoud :ATTR(ARRAY) { print "Urrrrrrrrrr!" } |
477 | sub RealLoud :ATTR(HASH) { print "Arrrrrgggghhhhhh!" } |
478 | sub RealLoud :ATTR(CODE) { croak "Real loud sub torpedoed" } |
479 | |
480 | You can also explicitly indicate that a single handler is meant to be |
481 | used for all types of referents like so: |
482 | |
483 | package LoudDecl; |
484 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
485 | |
486 | sub SeriousLoud :ATTR(ANY) { warn "Hearing loss imminent" } |
487 | |
488 | (I.e. C<ATTR(ANY)> is a synonym for C<:ATTR>). |
489 | |
490 | |
491 | =head2 Non-interpretive attribute handlers |
492 | |
493 | Occasionally the strenuous efforts Attribute::Handlers makes to convert |
494 | the data argument (C<$_[4]>) to a useable form before passing it to |
495 | the handler get in the way. |
496 | |
497 | You can turn off that eagerness-to-help by declaring |
498 | an attribute handler with the keyword C<RAWDATA>. For example: |
499 | |
500 | sub Raw : ATTR(RAWDATA) {...} |
501 | sub Nekkid : ATTR(SCALAR,RAWDATA) {...} |
502 | sub Au::Naturale : ATTR(RAWDATA,ANY) {...} |
503 | |
504 | Then the handler makes absolutely no attempt to interpret the data it |
505 | receives and simply passes it as a string: |
506 | |
507 | my $power : Raw(1..100); # handlers receives "1..100" |
508 | |
509 | =head2 Phase-specific attribute handlers |
510 | |
511 | By default, attribute handlers are called at the end of the compilation |
512 | phase (in a C<CHECK> block). This seems to be optimal in most cases because |
513 | most things that can be defined are defined by that point but nothing has |
514 | been executed. |
515 | |
516 | However, it is possible to set up attribute handlers that are called at |
517 | other points in the program's compilation or execution, by explicitly |
518 | stating the phase (or phases) in which you wish the attribute handler to |
519 | be called. For example: |
520 | |
521 | sub Early :ATTR(SCALAR,BEGIN) {...} |
522 | sub Normal :ATTR(SCALAR,CHECK) {...} |
523 | sub Late :ATTR(SCALAR,INIT) {...} |
524 | sub Final :ATTR(SCALAR,END) {...} |
525 | sub Bookends :ATTR(SCALAR,BEGIN,END) {...} |
526 | |
527 | As the last example indicates, a handler may be set up to be (re)called in |
528 | two or more phases. The phase name is passed as the handler's final argument. |
529 | |
530 | Note that attribute handlers that are scheduled for the C<BEGIN> phase |
531 | are handled as soon as the attribute is detected (i.e. before any |
532 | subsequently defined C<BEGIN> blocks are executed). |
533 | |
534 | |
535 | =head2 Attributes as C<tie> interfaces |
536 | |
537 | Attributes make an excellent and intuitive interface through which to tie |
538 | variables. For example: |
539 | |
540 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
541 | use Tie::Cycle; |
542 | |
543 | sub UNIVERSAL::Cycle : ATTR(SCALAR) { |
544 | my ($package, $symbol, $referent, $attr, $data, $phase) = @_; |
545 | $data = [ $data ] unless ref $data eq 'ARRAY'; |
546 | tie $$referent, 'Tie::Cycle', $data; |
547 | } |
548 | |
549 | # and thereafter... |
550 | |
551 | package main; |
552 | |
553 | my $next : Cycle('A'..'Z'); # $next is now a tied variable |
554 | |
555 | while (<>) { |
556 | print $next; |
557 | } |
558 | |
559 | Note that, because the C<Cycle> attribute receives its arguments in the |
560 | C<$data> variable, if the attribute is given a list of arguments, C<$data> |
561 | will consist of a single array reference; otherwise, it will consist of the |
562 | single argument directly. Since Tie::Cycle requires its cycling values to |
563 | be passed as an array reference, this means that we need to wrap |
564 | non-array-reference arguments in an array constructor: |
565 | |
566 | $data = [ $data ] unless ref $data eq 'ARRAY'; |
567 | |
568 | Typically, however, things are the other way around: the tieable class expects |
569 | its arguments as a flattened list, so the attribute looks like: |
570 | |
571 | sub UNIVERSAL::Cycle : ATTR(SCALAR) { |
572 | my ($package, $symbol, $referent, $attr, $data, $phase) = @_; |
573 | my @data = ref $data eq 'ARRAY' ? @$data : $data; |
574 | tie $$referent, 'Tie::Whatever', @data; |
575 | } |
576 | |
577 | |
578 | This software pattern is so widely applicable that Attribute::Handlers |
579 | provides a way to automate it: specifying C<'autotie'> in the |
580 | C<use Attribute::Handlers> statement. So, the cycling example, |
581 | could also be written: |
582 | |
583 | use Attribute::Handlers autotie => { Cycle => 'Tie::Cycle' }; |
584 | |
585 | # and thereafter... |
586 | |
587 | package main; |
588 | |
589 | my $next : Cycle(['A'..'Z']); # $next is now a tied variable |
590 | |
591 | while (<>) { |
592 | print $next; |
593 | |
594 | Note that we now have to pass the cycling values as an array reference, |
595 | since the C<autotie> mechanism passes C<tie> a list of arguments as a list |
596 | (as in the Tie::Whatever example), I<not> as an array reference (as in |
597 | the original Tie::Cycle example at the start of this section). |
598 | |
599 | The argument after C<'autotie'> is a reference to a hash in which each key is |
600 | the name of an attribute to be created, and each value is the class to which |
601 | variables ascribed that attribute should be tied. |
602 | |
603 | Note that there is no longer any need to import the Tie::Cycle module -- |
604 | Attribute::Handlers takes care of that automagically. You can even pass |
605 | arguments to the module's C<import> subroutine, by appending them to the |
606 | class name. For example: |
607 | |
608 | use Attribute::Handlers |
609 | autotie => { Dir => 'Tie::Dir qw(DIR_UNLINK)' }; |
610 | |
611 | If the attribute name is unqualified, the attribute is installed in the |
612 | current package. Otherwise it is installed in the qualifier's package: |
613 | |
614 | package Here; |
615 | |
616 | use Attribute::Handlers autotie => { |
617 | Other::Good => Tie::SecureHash, # tie attr installed in Other:: |
618 | Bad => Tie::Taxes, # tie attr installed in Here:: |
619 | UNIVERSAL::Ugly => Software::Patent # tie attr installed everywhere |
620 | }; |
621 | |
622 | Autoties are most commonly used in the module to which they actually tie, |
623 | and need to export their attributes to any module that calls them. To |
3c4b39be |
624 | facilitate this, Attribute::Handlers recognizes a special "pseudo-class" -- |
0e9b9e0c |
625 | C<__CALLER__>, which may be specified as the qualifier of an attribute: |
626 | |
627 | package Tie::Me::Kangaroo:Down::Sport; |
628 | |
f903cfef |
629 | use Attribute::Handlers autotie => { '__CALLER__::Roo' => __PACKAGE__ }; |
0e9b9e0c |
630 | |
631 | This causes Attribute::Handlers to define the C<Roo> attribute in the package |
632 | that imports the Tie::Me::Kangaroo:Down::Sport module. |
633 | |
f903cfef |
634 | Note that it is important to quote the __CALLER__::Roo identifier because |
635 | a bug in perl 5.8 will refuse to parse it and cause an unknown error. |
636 | |
0e9b9e0c |
637 | =head3 Passing the tied object to C<tie> |
638 | |
639 | Occasionally it is important to pass a reference to the object being tied |
640 | to the TIESCALAR, TIEHASH, etc. that ties it. |
641 | |
642 | The C<autotie> mechanism supports this too. The following code: |
643 | |
644 | use Attribute::Handlers autotieref => { Selfish => Tie::Selfish }; |
645 | my $var : Selfish(@args); |
646 | |
647 | has the same effect as: |
648 | |
649 | tie my $var, 'Tie::Selfish', @args; |
650 | |
651 | But when C<"autotieref"> is used instead of C<"autotie">: |
652 | |
653 | use Attribute::Handlers autotieref => { Selfish => Tie::Selfish }; |
654 | my $var : Selfish(@args); |
655 | |
656 | the effect is to pass the C<tie> call an extra reference to the variable |
657 | being tied: |
658 | |
659 | tie my $var, 'Tie::Selfish', \$var, @args; |
660 | |
661 | |
662 | |
663 | =head1 EXAMPLES |
664 | |
665 | If the class shown in L<SYNOPSIS> were placed in the MyClass.pm |
666 | module, then the following code: |
667 | |
668 | package main; |
669 | use MyClass; |
670 | |
671 | my MyClass $slr :Good :Bad(1**1-1) :Omni(-vorous); |
672 | |
673 | package SomeOtherClass; |
674 | use base MyClass; |
675 | |
676 | sub tent { 'acle' } |
677 | |
678 | sub fn :Ugly(sister) :Omni('po',tent()) {...} |
679 | my @arr :Good :Omni(s/cie/nt/); |
680 | my %hsh :Good(q/bye) :Omni(q/bus/); |
681 | |
682 | |
683 | would cause the following handlers to be invoked: |
684 | |
685 | # my MyClass $slr :Good :Bad(1**1-1) :Omni(-vorous); |
686 | |
687 | MyClass::Good:ATTR(SCALAR)( 'MyClass', # class |
688 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
689 | \$slr, # referent |
690 | 'Good', # attr name |
691 | undef # no attr data |
692 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
693 | ); |
694 | |
695 | MyClass::Bad:ATTR(SCALAR)( 'MyClass', # class |
696 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
697 | \$slr, # referent |
698 | 'Bad', # attr name |
699 | 0 # eval'd attr data |
700 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
701 | ); |
702 | |
703 | MyClass::Omni:ATTR(SCALAR)( 'MyClass', # class |
704 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
705 | \$slr, # referent |
706 | 'Omni', # attr name |
707 | '-vorous' # eval'd attr data |
708 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
709 | ); |
710 | |
711 | |
712 | # sub fn :Ugly(sister) :Omni('po',tent()) {...} |
713 | |
714 | MyClass::UGLY:ATTR(CODE)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
715 | \*SomeOtherClass::fn, # typeglob |
716 | \&SomeOtherClass::fn, # referent |
717 | 'Ugly', # attr name |
718 | 'sister' # eval'd attr data |
719 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
720 | ); |
721 | |
722 | MyClass::Omni:ATTR(CODE)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
723 | \*SomeOtherClass::fn, # typeglob |
724 | \&SomeOtherClass::fn, # referent |
725 | 'Omni', # attr name |
726 | ['po','acle'] # eval'd attr data |
727 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
728 | ); |
729 | |
730 | |
731 | # my @arr :Good :Omni(s/cie/nt/); |
732 | |
733 | MyClass::Good:ATTR(ARRAY)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
734 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
735 | \@arr, # referent |
736 | 'Good', # attr name |
737 | undef # no attr data |
738 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
739 | ); |
740 | |
741 | MyClass::Omni:ATTR(ARRAY)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
742 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
743 | \@arr, # referent |
744 | 'Omni', # attr name |
745 | "" # eval'd attr data |
746 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
747 | ); |
748 | |
749 | |
750 | # my %hsh :Good(q/bye) :Omni(q/bus/); |
751 | |
752 | MyClass::Good:ATTR(HASH)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
753 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
754 | \%hsh, # referent |
755 | 'Good', # attr name |
756 | 'q/bye' # raw attr data |
757 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
758 | ); |
759 | |
760 | MyClass::Omni:ATTR(HASH)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
761 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
762 | \%hsh, # referent |
763 | 'Omni', # attr name |
764 | 'bus' # eval'd attr data |
765 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
766 | ); |
767 | |
768 | |
769 | Installing handlers into UNIVERSAL, makes them...err..universal. |
770 | For example: |
771 | |
772 | package Descriptions; |
773 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
774 | |
775 | my %name; |
776 | sub name { return $name{$_[2]}||*{$_[1]}{NAME} } |
777 | |
778 | sub UNIVERSAL::Name :ATTR { |
779 | $name{$_[2]} = $_[4]; |
780 | } |
781 | |
782 | sub UNIVERSAL::Purpose :ATTR { |
783 | print STDERR "Purpose of ", &name, " is $_[4]\n"; |
784 | } |
785 | |
786 | sub UNIVERSAL::Unit :ATTR { |
787 | print STDERR &name, " measured in $_[4]\n"; |
788 | } |
789 | |
790 | Let's you write: |
791 | |
792 | use Descriptions; |
793 | |
794 | my $capacity : Name(capacity) |
795 | : Purpose(to store max storage capacity for files) |
796 | : Unit(Gb); |
797 | |
798 | |
799 | package Other; |
800 | |
801 | sub foo : Purpose(to foo all data before barring it) { } |
802 | |
803 | # etc. |
804 | |
805 | |
806 | =head1 DIAGNOSTICS |
807 | |
808 | =over |
809 | |
810 | =item C<Bad attribute type: ATTR(%s)> |
811 | |
812 | An attribute handler was specified with an C<:ATTR(I<ref_type>)>, but the |
813 | type of referent it was defined to handle wasn't one of the five permitted: |
814 | C<SCALAR>, C<ARRAY>, C<HASH>, C<CODE>, or C<ANY>. |
815 | |
816 | =item C<Attribute handler %s doesn't handle %s attributes> |
817 | |
818 | A handler for attributes of the specified name I<was> defined, but not |
819 | for the specified type of declaration. Typically encountered whe trying |
820 | to apply a C<VAR> attribute handler to a subroutine, or a C<SCALAR> |
821 | attribute handler to some other type of variable. |
822 | |
823 | =item C<Declaration of %s attribute in package %s may clash with future reserved word> |
824 | |
825 | A handler for an attributes with an all-lowercase name was declared. An |
826 | attribute with an all-lowercase name might have a meaning to Perl |
827 | itself some day, even though most don't yet. Use a mixed-case attribute |
828 | name, instead. |
829 | |
830 | =item C<Can't have two ATTR specifiers on one subroutine> |
831 | |
832 | You just can't, okay? |
833 | Instead, put all the specifications together with commas between them |
834 | in a single C<ATTR(I<specification>)>. |
835 | |
836 | =item C<Can't autotie a %s> |
837 | |
838 | You can only declare autoties for types C<"SCALAR">, C<"ARRAY">, and |
839 | C<"HASH">. They're the only things (apart from typeglobs -- which are |
840 | not declarable) that Perl can tie. |
841 | |
842 | =item C<Internal error: %s symbol went missing> |
843 | |
844 | Something is rotten in the state of the program. An attributed |
845 | subroutine ceased to exist between the point it was declared and the point |
846 | at which its attribute handler(s) would have been called. |
847 | |
24952a9c |
848 | =item C<Won't be able to apply END handler> |
849 | |
850 | You have defined an END handler for an attribute that is being applied |
851 | to a lexical variable. Since the variable may not be available during END |
852 | this won't happen. |
853 | |
0e9b9e0c |
854 | =back |
855 | |
856 | =head1 AUTHOR |
857 | |
858 | Damian Conway (damian@conway.org) |
859 | |
860 | =head1 BUGS |
861 | |
862 | There are undoubtedly serious bugs lurking somewhere in code this funky :-) |
863 | Bug reports and other feedback are most welcome. |
864 | |
865 | =head1 COPYRIGHT |
866 | |
867 | Copyright (c) 2001, Damian Conway. All Rights Reserved. |
868 | This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed |
869 | and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself. |