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1 | package Attribute::Handlers; |
2 | use 5.006; |
3 | use Carp; |
4 | use warnings; |
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5 | use strict; |
6 | use vars qw($VERSION $AUTOLOAD); |
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7 | $VERSION = '0.79'; |
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8 | # $DB::single=1; |
9 | |
10 | my %symcache; |
11 | sub findsym { |
12 | my ($pkg, $ref, $type) = @_; |
13 | return $symcache{$pkg,$ref} if $symcache{$pkg,$ref}; |
14 | $type ||= ref($ref); |
15 | my $found; |
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16 | no strict 'refs'; |
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17 | foreach my $sym ( values %{$pkg."::"} ) { |
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18 | use strict; |
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19 | next unless ref ( \$sym ) eq 'GLOB'; |
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20 | return $symcache{$pkg,$ref} = \$sym |
21 | if *{$sym}{$type} && *{$sym}{$type} == $ref; |
22 | } |
23 | } |
24 | |
25 | my %validtype = ( |
26 | VAR => [qw[SCALAR ARRAY HASH]], |
27 | ANY => [qw[SCALAR ARRAY HASH CODE]], |
28 | "" => [qw[SCALAR ARRAY HASH CODE]], |
29 | SCALAR => [qw[SCALAR]], |
30 | ARRAY => [qw[ARRAY]], |
31 | HASH => [qw[HASH]], |
32 | CODE => [qw[CODE]], |
33 | ); |
34 | my %lastattr; |
35 | my @declarations; |
36 | my %raw; |
37 | my %phase; |
38 | my %sigil = (SCALAR=>'$', ARRAY=>'@', HASH=>'%'); |
39 | my $global_phase = 0; |
40 | my %global_phases = ( |
41 | BEGIN => 0, |
42 | CHECK => 1, |
43 | INIT => 2, |
44 | END => 3, |
45 | ); |
46 | my @global_phases = qw(BEGIN CHECK INIT END); |
47 | |
48 | sub _usage_AH_ { |
49 | croak "Usage: use $_[0] autotie => {AttrName => TieClassName,...}"; |
50 | } |
51 | |
52 | my $qual_id = qr/^[_a-z]\w*(::[_a-z]\w*)*$/i; |
53 | |
54 | sub import { |
55 | my $class = shift @_; |
56 | return unless $class eq "Attribute::Handlers"; |
57 | while (@_) { |
58 | my $cmd = shift; |
59 | if ($cmd =~ /^autotie((?:ref)?)$/) { |
60 | my $tiedata = ($1 ? '$ref, ' : '') . '@$data'; |
61 | my $mapping = shift; |
62 | _usage_AH_ $class unless ref($mapping) eq 'HASH'; |
63 | while (my($attr, $tieclass) = each %$mapping) { |
64 | $tieclass =~ s/^([_a-z]\w*(::[_a-z]\w*)*)(.*)/$1/is; |
65 | my $args = $3||'()'; |
66 | _usage_AH_ $class unless $attr =~ $qual_id |
67 | && $tieclass =~ $qual_id |
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68 | && eval "use base q\0$tieclass\0; 1"; |
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69 | if ($tieclass->isa('Exporter')) { |
70 | local $Exporter::ExportLevel = 2; |
71 | $tieclass->import(eval $args); |
72 | } |
73 | $attr =~ s/__CALLER__/caller(1)/e; |
74 | $attr = caller()."::".$attr unless $attr =~ /::/; |
75 | eval qq{ |
76 | sub $attr : ATTR(VAR) { |
77 | my (\$ref, \$data) = \@_[2,4]; |
78 | my \$was_arrayref = ref \$data eq 'ARRAY'; |
79 | \$data = [ \$data ] unless \$was_arrayref; |
80 | my \$type = ref(\$ref)||"value (".(\$ref||"<undef>").")"; |
81 | (\$type eq 'SCALAR')? tie \$\$ref,'$tieclass',$tiedata |
82 | :(\$type eq 'ARRAY') ? tie \@\$ref,'$tieclass',$tiedata |
83 | :(\$type eq 'HASH') ? tie \%\$ref,'$tieclass',$tiedata |
84 | : die "Can't autotie a \$type\n" |
85 | } 1 |
86 | } or die "Internal error: $@"; |
87 | } |
88 | } |
89 | else { |
90 | croak "Can't understand $_"; |
91 | } |
92 | } |
93 | } |
94 | sub _resolve_lastattr { |
95 | return unless $lastattr{ref}; |
96 | my $sym = findsym @lastattr{'pkg','ref'} |
97 | or die "Internal error: $lastattr{pkg} symbol went missing"; |
98 | my $name = *{$sym}{NAME}; |
99 | warn "Declaration of $name attribute in package $lastattr{pkg} may clash with future reserved word\n" |
100 | if $^W and $name !~ /[A-Z]/; |
101 | foreach ( @{$validtype{$lastattr{type}}} ) { |
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102 | no strict 'refs'; |
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103 | *{"$lastattr{pkg}::_ATTR_${_}_${name}"} = $lastattr{ref}; |
104 | } |
105 | %lastattr = (); |
106 | } |
107 | |
108 | sub AUTOLOAD { |
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109 | return if $AUTOLOAD =~ /::DESTROY$/; |
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110 | my ($class) = $AUTOLOAD =~ m/(.*)::/g; |
111 | $AUTOLOAD =~ m/_ATTR_(.*?)_(.*)/ or |
112 | croak "Can't locate class method '$AUTOLOAD' via package '$class'"; |
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113 | croak "Attribute handler '$2' doesn't handle $1 attributes"; |
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114 | } |
115 | |
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116 | my $builtin = qr/lvalue|method|locked|unique|shared/; |
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117 | |
118 | sub _gen_handler_AH_() { |
119 | return sub { |
120 | _resolve_lastattr; |
121 | my ($pkg, $ref, @attrs) = @_; |
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122 | my (undef, $filename, $linenum) = caller 2; |
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123 | foreach (@attrs) { |
124 | my ($attr, $data) = /^([a-z_]\w*)(?:[(](.*)[)])?$/is or next; |
125 | if ($attr eq 'ATTR') { |
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126 | no strict 'refs'; |
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127 | $data ||= "ANY"; |
128 | $raw{$ref} = $data =~ s/\s*,?\s*RAWDATA\s*,?\s*//; |
129 | $phase{$ref}{BEGIN} = 1 |
130 | if $data =~ s/\s*,?\s*(BEGIN)\s*,?\s*//; |
131 | $phase{$ref}{INIT} = 1 |
132 | if $data =~ s/\s*,?\s*(INIT)\s*,?\s*//; |
133 | $phase{$ref}{END} = 1 |
134 | if $data =~ s/\s*,?\s*(END)\s*,?\s*//; |
135 | $phase{$ref}{CHECK} = 1 |
136 | if $data =~ s/\s*,?\s*(CHECK)\s*,?\s*// |
137 | || ! keys %{$phase{$ref}}; |
138 | # Added for cleanup to not pollute next call. |
139 | (%lastattr = ()), |
140 | croak "Can't have two ATTR specifiers on one subroutine" |
141 | if keys %lastattr; |
142 | croak "Bad attribute type: ATTR($data)" |
143 | unless $validtype{$data}; |
144 | %lastattr=(pkg=>$pkg,ref=>$ref,type=>$data); |
145 | } |
146 | else { |
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147 | my $type = ref $ref; |
148 | my $handler = $pkg->can("_ATTR_${type}_${attr}"); |
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149 | next unless $handler; |
150 | my $decl = [$pkg, $ref, $attr, $data, |
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151 | $raw{$handler}, $phase{$handler}, $filename, $linenum]; |
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152 | foreach my $gphase (@global_phases) { |
153 | _apply_handler_AH_($decl,$gphase) |
154 | if $global_phases{$gphase} <= $global_phase; |
155 | } |
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156 | if ($global_phase != 0) { |
157 | # if _gen_handler_AH_ is being called after |
158 | # CHECK it's for a lexical, so make sure |
159 | # it didn't want to run anything later |
160 | |
161 | local $Carp::CarpLevel = 2; |
162 | carp "Won't be able to apply END handler" |
163 | if $phase{$handler}{END}; |
164 | } |
165 | else { |
166 | push @declarations, $decl |
167 | } |
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168 | } |
169 | $_ = undef; |
170 | } |
171 | return grep {defined && !/$builtin/} @attrs; |
172 | } |
173 | } |
174 | |
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175 | { |
176 | no strict 'refs'; |
177 | *{"Attribute::Handlers::UNIVERSAL::MODIFY_${_}_ATTRIBUTES"} = |
178 | _gen_handler_AH_ foreach @{$validtype{ANY}}; |
179 | } |
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180 | push @UNIVERSAL::ISA, 'Attribute::Handlers::UNIVERSAL' |
181 | unless grep /^Attribute::Handlers::UNIVERSAL$/, @UNIVERSAL::ISA; |
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182 | |
183 | sub _apply_handler_AH_ { |
184 | my ($declaration, $phase) = @_; |
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185 | my ($pkg, $ref, $attr, $data, $raw, $handlerphase, $filename, $linenum) = @$declaration; |
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186 | return unless $handlerphase->{$phase}; |
187 | # print STDERR "Handling $attr on $ref in $phase with [$data]\n"; |
188 | my $type = ref $ref; |
189 | my $handler = "_ATTR_${type}_${attr}"; |
190 | my $sym = findsym($pkg, $ref); |
191 | $sym ||= $type eq 'CODE' ? 'ANON' : 'LEXICAL'; |
192 | no warnings; |
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193 | my $evaled = !$raw && eval("package $pkg; no warnings; no strict; |
194 | local \$SIG{__WARN__}=sub{die}; [$data]"); |
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195 | $data = $evaled unless $@; |
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196 | $pkg->$handler($sym, |
197 | (ref $sym eq 'GLOB' ? *{$sym}{ref $ref}||$ref : $ref), |
198 | $attr, |
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199 | $data, |
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200 | $phase, |
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201 | $filename, |
202 | $linenum, |
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203 | ); |
204 | return 1; |
205 | } |
206 | |
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207 | { |
208 | no warnings 'void'; |
209 | CHECK { |
210 | $global_phase++; |
211 | _resolve_lastattr; |
212 | _apply_handler_AH_($_,'CHECK') foreach @declarations; |
213 | } |
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214 | |
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215 | INIT { |
216 | $global_phase++; |
217 | _apply_handler_AH_($_,'INIT') foreach @declarations |
218 | } |
219 | } |
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220 | |
221 | END { $global_phase++; _apply_handler_AH_($_,'END') foreach @declarations } |
222 | |
223 | 1; |
224 | __END__ |
225 | |
226 | =head1 NAME |
227 | |
228 | Attribute::Handlers - Simpler definition of attribute handlers |
229 | |
230 | =head1 VERSION |
231 | |
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232 | This document describes version 0.79 of Attribute::Handlers, |
233 | released November 25, 2007. |
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234 | |
235 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
236 | |
237 | package MyClass; |
238 | require v5.6.0; |
239 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
240 | no warnings 'redefine'; |
241 | |
242 | |
243 | sub Good : ATTR(SCALAR) { |
244 | my ($package, $symbol, $referent, $attr, $data) = @_; |
245 | |
246 | # Invoked for any scalar variable with a :Good attribute, |
247 | # provided the variable was declared in MyClass (or |
248 | # a derived class) or typed to MyClass. |
249 | |
250 | # Do whatever to $referent here (executed in CHECK phase). |
251 | ... |
252 | } |
253 | |
254 | sub Bad : ATTR(SCALAR) { |
255 | # Invoked for any scalar variable with a :Bad attribute, |
256 | # provided the variable was declared in MyClass (or |
257 | # a derived class) or typed to MyClass. |
258 | ... |
259 | } |
260 | |
261 | sub Good : ATTR(ARRAY) { |
262 | # Invoked for any array variable with a :Good attribute, |
263 | # provided the variable was declared in MyClass (or |
264 | # a derived class) or typed to MyClass. |
265 | ... |
266 | } |
267 | |
268 | sub Good : ATTR(HASH) { |
269 | # Invoked for any hash variable with a :Good attribute, |
270 | # provided the variable was declared in MyClass (or |
271 | # a derived class) or typed to MyClass. |
272 | ... |
273 | } |
274 | |
275 | sub Ugly : ATTR(CODE) { |
276 | # Invoked for any subroutine declared in MyClass (or a |
277 | # derived class) with an :Ugly attribute. |
278 | ... |
279 | } |
280 | |
281 | sub Omni : ATTR { |
282 | # Invoked for any scalar, array, hash, or subroutine |
283 | # with an :Omni attribute, provided the variable or |
284 | # subroutine was declared in MyClass (or a derived class) |
285 | # or the variable was typed to MyClass. |
286 | # Use ref($_[2]) to determine what kind of referent it was. |
287 | ... |
288 | } |
289 | |
290 | |
291 | use Attribute::Handlers autotie => { Cycle => Tie::Cycle }; |
292 | |
293 | my $next : Cycle(['A'..'Z']); |
294 | |
295 | |
296 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
297 | |
298 | This module, when inherited by a package, allows that package's class to |
299 | define attribute handler subroutines for specific attributes. Variables |
300 | and subroutines subsequently defined in that package, or in packages |
301 | derived from that package may be given attributes with the same names as |
302 | the attribute handler subroutines, which will then be called in one of |
303 | the compilation phases (i.e. in a C<BEGIN>, C<CHECK>, C<INIT>, or C<END> |
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304 | block). (C<UNITCHECK> blocks don't correspond to a global compilation |
305 | phase, so they can't be specified here.) |
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306 | |
307 | To create a handler, define it as a subroutine with the same name as |
308 | the desired attribute, and declare the subroutine itself with the |
309 | attribute C<:ATTR>. For example: |
310 | |
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311 | package LoudDecl; |
312 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
313 | |
314 | sub Loud :ATTR { |
315 | my ($package, $symbol, $referent, $attr, $data, $phase, $filename, $linenum) = @_; |
316 | print STDERR |
317 | ref($referent), " ", |
318 | *{$symbol}{NAME}, " ", |
319 | "($referent) ", "was just declared ", |
320 | "and ascribed the ${attr} attribute ", |
321 | "with data ($data)\n", |
322 | "in phase $phase\n", |
323 | "in file $filename at line $linenum\n"; |
324 | } |
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325 | |
326 | This creates a handler for the attribute C<:Loud> in the class LoudDecl. |
327 | Thereafter, any subroutine declared with a C<:Loud> attribute in the class |
328 | LoudDecl: |
329 | |
330 | package LoudDecl; |
331 | |
332 | sub foo: Loud {...} |
333 | |
334 | causes the above handler to be invoked, and passed: |
335 | |
336 | =over |
337 | |
338 | =item [0] |
339 | |
340 | the name of the package into which it was declared; |
341 | |
342 | =item [1] |
343 | |
344 | a reference to the symbol table entry (typeglob) containing the subroutine; |
345 | |
346 | =item [2] |
347 | |
348 | a reference to the subroutine; |
349 | |
350 | =item [3] |
351 | |
352 | the name of the attribute; |
353 | |
354 | =item [4] |
355 | |
356 | any data associated with that attribute; |
357 | |
358 | =item [5] |
359 | |
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360 | the name of the phase in which the handler is being invoked; |
361 | |
362 | =item [6] |
363 | |
364 | the filename in which the handler is being invoked; |
365 | |
366 | =item [7] |
367 | |
368 | the line number in this file. |
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369 | |
370 | =back |
371 | |
372 | Likewise, declaring any variables with the C<:Loud> attribute within the |
373 | package: |
374 | |
375 | package LoudDecl; |
376 | |
377 | my $foo :Loud; |
378 | my @foo :Loud; |
379 | my %foo :Loud; |
380 | |
381 | will cause the handler to be called with a similar argument list (except, |
382 | of course, that C<$_[2]> will be a reference to the variable). |
383 | |
384 | The package name argument will typically be the name of the class into |
385 | which the subroutine was declared, but it may also be the name of a derived |
386 | class (since handlers are inherited). |
387 | |
388 | If a lexical variable is given an attribute, there is no symbol table to |
389 | which it belongs, so the symbol table argument (C<$_[1]>) is set to the |
390 | string C<'LEXICAL'> in that case. Likewise, ascribing an attribute to |
391 | an anonymous subroutine results in a symbol table argument of C<'ANON'>. |
392 | |
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393 | The data argument passes in the value (if any) associated with the |
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394 | attribute. For example, if C<&foo> had been declared: |
395 | |
396 | sub foo :Loud("turn it up to 11, man!") {...} |
397 | |
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398 | then a reference to an array containing the string |
399 | C<"turn it up to 11, man!"> would be passed as the last argument. |
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400 | |
401 | Attribute::Handlers makes strenuous efforts to convert |
402 | the data argument (C<$_[4]>) to a useable form before passing it to |
403 | the handler (but see L<"Non-interpretive attribute handlers">). |
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404 | If those efforts succeed, the interpreted data is passed in an array |
405 | reference; if they fail, the raw data is passed as a string. |
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406 | For example, all of these: |
407 | |
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408 | sub foo :Loud(till=>ears=>are=>bleeding) {...} |
409 | sub foo :Loud(qw/till ears are bleeding/) {...} |
410 | sub foo :Loud(qw/my, ears, are, bleeding/) {...} |
411 | sub foo :Loud(till,ears,are,bleeding) {...} |
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412 | |
413 | causes it to pass C<['till','ears','are','bleeding']> as the handler's |
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414 | data argument. While: |
415 | |
416 | sub foo :Loud(['till','ears','are','bleeding']) {...} |
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417 | |
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418 | causes it to pass C<[ ['till','ears','are','bleeding'] ]>; the array |
419 | reference specified in the data being passed inside the standard |
420 | array reference indicating successful interpretation. |
421 | |
422 | However, if the data can't be parsed as valid Perl, then |
423 | it is passed as an uninterpreted string. For example: |
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424 | |
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425 | sub foo :Loud(my,ears,are,bleeding) {...} |
426 | sub foo :Loud(qw/my ears are bleeding) {...} |
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427 | |
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428 | cause the strings C<'my,ears,are,bleeding'> and |
429 | C<'qw/my ears are bleeding'> respectively to be passed as the |
430 | data argument. |
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431 | |
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432 | If no value is associated with the attribute, C<undef> is passed. |
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433 | |
434 | =head2 Typed lexicals |
435 | |
436 | Regardless of the package in which it is declared, if a lexical variable is |
437 | ascribed an attribute, the handler that is invoked is the one belonging to |
438 | the package to which it is typed. For example, the following declarations: |
439 | |
440 | package OtherClass; |
441 | |
442 | my LoudDecl $loudobj : Loud; |
443 | my LoudDecl @loudobjs : Loud; |
444 | my LoudDecl %loudobjex : Loud; |
445 | |
446 | causes the LoudDecl::Loud handler to be invoked (even if OtherClass also |
447 | defines a handler for C<:Loud> attributes). |
448 | |
449 | |
450 | =head2 Type-specific attribute handlers |
451 | |
452 | If an attribute handler is declared and the C<:ATTR> specifier is |
453 | given the name of a built-in type (C<SCALAR>, C<ARRAY>, C<HASH>, or C<CODE>), |
454 | the handler is only applied to declarations of that type. For example, |
455 | the following definition: |
456 | |
457 | package LoudDecl; |
458 | |
459 | sub RealLoud :ATTR(SCALAR) { print "Yeeeeow!" } |
460 | |
461 | creates an attribute handler that applies only to scalars: |
462 | |
463 | |
464 | package Painful; |
465 | use base LoudDecl; |
466 | |
467 | my $metal : RealLoud; # invokes &LoudDecl::RealLoud |
468 | my @metal : RealLoud; # error: unknown attribute |
469 | my %metal : RealLoud; # error: unknown attribute |
470 | sub metal : RealLoud {...} # error: unknown attribute |
471 | |
472 | You can, of course, declare separate handlers for these types as well |
473 | (but you'll need to specify C<no warnings 'redefine'> to do it quietly): |
474 | |
475 | package LoudDecl; |
476 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
477 | no warnings 'redefine'; |
478 | |
479 | sub RealLoud :ATTR(SCALAR) { print "Yeeeeow!" } |
480 | sub RealLoud :ATTR(ARRAY) { print "Urrrrrrrrrr!" } |
481 | sub RealLoud :ATTR(HASH) { print "Arrrrrgggghhhhhh!" } |
482 | sub RealLoud :ATTR(CODE) { croak "Real loud sub torpedoed" } |
483 | |
484 | You can also explicitly indicate that a single handler is meant to be |
485 | used for all types of referents like so: |
486 | |
487 | package LoudDecl; |
488 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
489 | |
490 | sub SeriousLoud :ATTR(ANY) { warn "Hearing loss imminent" } |
491 | |
492 | (I.e. C<ATTR(ANY)> is a synonym for C<:ATTR>). |
493 | |
494 | |
495 | =head2 Non-interpretive attribute handlers |
496 | |
497 | Occasionally the strenuous efforts Attribute::Handlers makes to convert |
498 | the data argument (C<$_[4]>) to a useable form before passing it to |
499 | the handler get in the way. |
500 | |
501 | You can turn off that eagerness-to-help by declaring |
502 | an attribute handler with the keyword C<RAWDATA>. For example: |
503 | |
504 | sub Raw : ATTR(RAWDATA) {...} |
505 | sub Nekkid : ATTR(SCALAR,RAWDATA) {...} |
506 | sub Au::Naturale : ATTR(RAWDATA,ANY) {...} |
507 | |
508 | Then the handler makes absolutely no attempt to interpret the data it |
509 | receives and simply passes it as a string: |
510 | |
511 | my $power : Raw(1..100); # handlers receives "1..100" |
512 | |
513 | =head2 Phase-specific attribute handlers |
514 | |
515 | By default, attribute handlers are called at the end of the compilation |
516 | phase (in a C<CHECK> block). This seems to be optimal in most cases because |
517 | most things that can be defined are defined by that point but nothing has |
518 | been executed. |
519 | |
520 | However, it is possible to set up attribute handlers that are called at |
521 | other points in the program's compilation or execution, by explicitly |
522 | stating the phase (or phases) in which you wish the attribute handler to |
523 | be called. For example: |
524 | |
525 | sub Early :ATTR(SCALAR,BEGIN) {...} |
526 | sub Normal :ATTR(SCALAR,CHECK) {...} |
527 | sub Late :ATTR(SCALAR,INIT) {...} |
528 | sub Final :ATTR(SCALAR,END) {...} |
529 | sub Bookends :ATTR(SCALAR,BEGIN,END) {...} |
530 | |
531 | As the last example indicates, a handler may be set up to be (re)called in |
532 | two or more phases. The phase name is passed as the handler's final argument. |
533 | |
534 | Note that attribute handlers that are scheduled for the C<BEGIN> phase |
535 | are handled as soon as the attribute is detected (i.e. before any |
536 | subsequently defined C<BEGIN> blocks are executed). |
537 | |
538 | |
539 | =head2 Attributes as C<tie> interfaces |
540 | |
541 | Attributes make an excellent and intuitive interface through which to tie |
542 | variables. For example: |
543 | |
544 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
545 | use Tie::Cycle; |
546 | |
547 | sub UNIVERSAL::Cycle : ATTR(SCALAR) { |
548 | my ($package, $symbol, $referent, $attr, $data, $phase) = @_; |
549 | $data = [ $data ] unless ref $data eq 'ARRAY'; |
550 | tie $$referent, 'Tie::Cycle', $data; |
551 | } |
552 | |
553 | # and thereafter... |
554 | |
555 | package main; |
556 | |
557 | my $next : Cycle('A'..'Z'); # $next is now a tied variable |
558 | |
559 | while (<>) { |
560 | print $next; |
561 | } |
562 | |
563 | Note that, because the C<Cycle> attribute receives its arguments in the |
564 | C<$data> variable, if the attribute is given a list of arguments, C<$data> |
565 | will consist of a single array reference; otherwise, it will consist of the |
566 | single argument directly. Since Tie::Cycle requires its cycling values to |
567 | be passed as an array reference, this means that we need to wrap |
568 | non-array-reference arguments in an array constructor: |
569 | |
570 | $data = [ $data ] unless ref $data eq 'ARRAY'; |
571 | |
572 | Typically, however, things are the other way around: the tieable class expects |
573 | its arguments as a flattened list, so the attribute looks like: |
574 | |
575 | sub UNIVERSAL::Cycle : ATTR(SCALAR) { |
576 | my ($package, $symbol, $referent, $attr, $data, $phase) = @_; |
577 | my @data = ref $data eq 'ARRAY' ? @$data : $data; |
578 | tie $$referent, 'Tie::Whatever', @data; |
579 | } |
580 | |
581 | |
582 | This software pattern is so widely applicable that Attribute::Handlers |
583 | provides a way to automate it: specifying C<'autotie'> in the |
584 | C<use Attribute::Handlers> statement. So, the cycling example, |
585 | could also be written: |
586 | |
587 | use Attribute::Handlers autotie => { Cycle => 'Tie::Cycle' }; |
588 | |
589 | # and thereafter... |
590 | |
591 | package main; |
592 | |
593 | my $next : Cycle(['A'..'Z']); # $next is now a tied variable |
594 | |
595 | while (<>) { |
596 | print $next; |
597 | |
598 | Note that we now have to pass the cycling values as an array reference, |
599 | since the C<autotie> mechanism passes C<tie> a list of arguments as a list |
600 | (as in the Tie::Whatever example), I<not> as an array reference (as in |
601 | the original Tie::Cycle example at the start of this section). |
602 | |
603 | The argument after C<'autotie'> is a reference to a hash in which each key is |
604 | the name of an attribute to be created, and each value is the class to which |
605 | variables ascribed that attribute should be tied. |
606 | |
607 | Note that there is no longer any need to import the Tie::Cycle module -- |
608 | Attribute::Handlers takes care of that automagically. You can even pass |
609 | arguments to the module's C<import> subroutine, by appending them to the |
610 | class name. For example: |
611 | |
612 | use Attribute::Handlers |
613 | autotie => { Dir => 'Tie::Dir qw(DIR_UNLINK)' }; |
614 | |
615 | If the attribute name is unqualified, the attribute is installed in the |
616 | current package. Otherwise it is installed in the qualifier's package: |
617 | |
618 | package Here; |
619 | |
620 | use Attribute::Handlers autotie => { |
621 | Other::Good => Tie::SecureHash, # tie attr installed in Other:: |
622 | Bad => Tie::Taxes, # tie attr installed in Here:: |
623 | UNIVERSAL::Ugly => Software::Patent # tie attr installed everywhere |
624 | }; |
625 | |
626 | Autoties are most commonly used in the module to which they actually tie, |
627 | and need to export their attributes to any module that calls them. To |
3c4b39be |
628 | facilitate this, Attribute::Handlers recognizes a special "pseudo-class" -- |
0e9b9e0c |
629 | C<__CALLER__>, which may be specified as the qualifier of an attribute: |
630 | |
631 | package Tie::Me::Kangaroo:Down::Sport; |
632 | |
f903cfef |
633 | use Attribute::Handlers autotie => { '__CALLER__::Roo' => __PACKAGE__ }; |
0e9b9e0c |
634 | |
635 | This causes Attribute::Handlers to define the C<Roo> attribute in the package |
636 | that imports the Tie::Me::Kangaroo:Down::Sport module. |
637 | |
f903cfef |
638 | Note that it is important to quote the __CALLER__::Roo identifier because |
639 | a bug in perl 5.8 will refuse to parse it and cause an unknown error. |
640 | |
0e9b9e0c |
641 | =head3 Passing the tied object to C<tie> |
642 | |
643 | Occasionally it is important to pass a reference to the object being tied |
644 | to the TIESCALAR, TIEHASH, etc. that ties it. |
645 | |
646 | The C<autotie> mechanism supports this too. The following code: |
647 | |
648 | use Attribute::Handlers autotieref => { Selfish => Tie::Selfish }; |
649 | my $var : Selfish(@args); |
650 | |
651 | has the same effect as: |
652 | |
653 | tie my $var, 'Tie::Selfish', @args; |
654 | |
655 | But when C<"autotieref"> is used instead of C<"autotie">: |
656 | |
657 | use Attribute::Handlers autotieref => { Selfish => Tie::Selfish }; |
658 | my $var : Selfish(@args); |
659 | |
660 | the effect is to pass the C<tie> call an extra reference to the variable |
661 | being tied: |
662 | |
663 | tie my $var, 'Tie::Selfish', \$var, @args; |
664 | |
665 | |
666 | |
667 | =head1 EXAMPLES |
668 | |
669 | If the class shown in L<SYNOPSIS> were placed in the MyClass.pm |
670 | module, then the following code: |
671 | |
672 | package main; |
673 | use MyClass; |
674 | |
675 | my MyClass $slr :Good :Bad(1**1-1) :Omni(-vorous); |
676 | |
677 | package SomeOtherClass; |
678 | use base MyClass; |
679 | |
680 | sub tent { 'acle' } |
681 | |
682 | sub fn :Ugly(sister) :Omni('po',tent()) {...} |
683 | my @arr :Good :Omni(s/cie/nt/); |
684 | my %hsh :Good(q/bye) :Omni(q/bus/); |
685 | |
686 | |
687 | would cause the following handlers to be invoked: |
688 | |
689 | # my MyClass $slr :Good :Bad(1**1-1) :Omni(-vorous); |
690 | |
691 | MyClass::Good:ATTR(SCALAR)( 'MyClass', # class |
692 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
693 | \$slr, # referent |
694 | 'Good', # attr name |
695 | undef # no attr data |
696 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
697 | ); |
698 | |
699 | MyClass::Bad:ATTR(SCALAR)( 'MyClass', # class |
700 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
701 | \$slr, # referent |
702 | 'Bad', # attr name |
703 | 0 # eval'd attr data |
704 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
705 | ); |
706 | |
707 | MyClass::Omni:ATTR(SCALAR)( 'MyClass', # class |
708 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
709 | \$slr, # referent |
710 | 'Omni', # attr name |
711 | '-vorous' # eval'd attr data |
712 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
713 | ); |
714 | |
715 | |
716 | # sub fn :Ugly(sister) :Omni('po',tent()) {...} |
717 | |
718 | MyClass::UGLY:ATTR(CODE)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
719 | \*SomeOtherClass::fn, # typeglob |
720 | \&SomeOtherClass::fn, # referent |
721 | 'Ugly', # attr name |
722 | 'sister' # eval'd attr data |
723 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
724 | ); |
725 | |
726 | MyClass::Omni:ATTR(CODE)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
727 | \*SomeOtherClass::fn, # typeglob |
728 | \&SomeOtherClass::fn, # referent |
729 | 'Omni', # attr name |
730 | ['po','acle'] # eval'd attr data |
731 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
732 | ); |
733 | |
734 | |
735 | # my @arr :Good :Omni(s/cie/nt/); |
736 | |
737 | MyClass::Good:ATTR(ARRAY)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
738 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
739 | \@arr, # referent |
740 | 'Good', # attr name |
741 | undef # no attr data |
742 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
743 | ); |
744 | |
745 | MyClass::Omni:ATTR(ARRAY)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
746 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
747 | \@arr, # referent |
748 | 'Omni', # attr name |
749 | "" # eval'd attr data |
750 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
751 | ); |
752 | |
753 | |
754 | # my %hsh :Good(q/bye) :Omni(q/bus/); |
755 | |
756 | MyClass::Good:ATTR(HASH)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
757 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
758 | \%hsh, # referent |
759 | 'Good', # attr name |
760 | 'q/bye' # raw attr data |
761 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
762 | ); |
763 | |
764 | MyClass::Omni:ATTR(HASH)( 'SomeOtherClass', # class |
765 | 'LEXICAL', # no typeglob |
766 | \%hsh, # referent |
767 | 'Omni', # attr name |
768 | 'bus' # eval'd attr data |
769 | 'CHECK', # compiler phase |
770 | ); |
771 | |
772 | |
773 | Installing handlers into UNIVERSAL, makes them...err..universal. |
774 | For example: |
775 | |
776 | package Descriptions; |
777 | use Attribute::Handlers; |
778 | |
779 | my %name; |
780 | sub name { return $name{$_[2]}||*{$_[1]}{NAME} } |
781 | |
782 | sub UNIVERSAL::Name :ATTR { |
783 | $name{$_[2]} = $_[4]; |
784 | } |
785 | |
786 | sub UNIVERSAL::Purpose :ATTR { |
787 | print STDERR "Purpose of ", &name, " is $_[4]\n"; |
788 | } |
789 | |
790 | sub UNIVERSAL::Unit :ATTR { |
791 | print STDERR &name, " measured in $_[4]\n"; |
792 | } |
793 | |
794 | Let's you write: |
795 | |
796 | use Descriptions; |
797 | |
798 | my $capacity : Name(capacity) |
799 | : Purpose(to store max storage capacity for files) |
800 | : Unit(Gb); |
801 | |
802 | |
803 | package Other; |
804 | |
805 | sub foo : Purpose(to foo all data before barring it) { } |
806 | |
807 | # etc. |
808 | |
809 | |
810 | =head1 DIAGNOSTICS |
811 | |
812 | =over |
813 | |
814 | =item C<Bad attribute type: ATTR(%s)> |
815 | |
816 | An attribute handler was specified with an C<:ATTR(I<ref_type>)>, but the |
817 | type of referent it was defined to handle wasn't one of the five permitted: |
818 | C<SCALAR>, C<ARRAY>, C<HASH>, C<CODE>, or C<ANY>. |
819 | |
820 | =item C<Attribute handler %s doesn't handle %s attributes> |
821 | |
822 | A handler for attributes of the specified name I<was> defined, but not |
823 | for the specified type of declaration. Typically encountered whe trying |
824 | to apply a C<VAR> attribute handler to a subroutine, or a C<SCALAR> |
825 | attribute handler to some other type of variable. |
826 | |
827 | =item C<Declaration of %s attribute in package %s may clash with future reserved word> |
828 | |
829 | A handler for an attributes with an all-lowercase name was declared. An |
830 | attribute with an all-lowercase name might have a meaning to Perl |
831 | itself some day, even though most don't yet. Use a mixed-case attribute |
832 | name, instead. |
833 | |
834 | =item C<Can't have two ATTR specifiers on one subroutine> |
835 | |
836 | You just can't, okay? |
837 | Instead, put all the specifications together with commas between them |
838 | in a single C<ATTR(I<specification>)>. |
839 | |
840 | =item C<Can't autotie a %s> |
841 | |
842 | You can only declare autoties for types C<"SCALAR">, C<"ARRAY">, and |
843 | C<"HASH">. They're the only things (apart from typeglobs -- which are |
844 | not declarable) that Perl can tie. |
845 | |
846 | =item C<Internal error: %s symbol went missing> |
847 | |
848 | Something is rotten in the state of the program. An attributed |
849 | subroutine ceased to exist between the point it was declared and the point |
850 | at which its attribute handler(s) would have been called. |
851 | |
24952a9c |
852 | =item C<Won't be able to apply END handler> |
853 | |
854 | You have defined an END handler for an attribute that is being applied |
855 | to a lexical variable. Since the variable may not be available during END |
856 | this won't happen. |
857 | |
0e9b9e0c |
858 | =back |
859 | |
860 | =head1 AUTHOR |
861 | |
862 | Damian Conway (damian@conway.org) |
863 | |
864 | =head1 BUGS |
865 | |
866 | There are undoubtedly serious bugs lurking somewhere in code this funky :-) |
867 | Bug reports and other feedback are most welcome. |
868 | |
869 | =head1 COPYRIGHT |
870 | |
871 | Copyright (c) 2001, Damian Conway. All Rights Reserved. |
872 | This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed |
873 | and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself. |