Commit | Line | Data |
823edd99 |
1 | # |
2 | # Data/Dumper.pm |
3 | # |
4 | # convert perl data structures into perl syntax suitable for both printing |
5 | # and eval |
6 | # |
7 | # Documentation at the __END__ |
8 | # |
9 | |
10 | package Data::Dumper; |
11 | |
3b5b1125 |
12 | $VERSION = '2.121_09'; |
823edd99 |
13 | |
14 | #$| = 1; |
15 | |
3b825e41 |
16 | use 5.006_001; |
823edd99 |
17 | require Exporter; |
823edd99 |
18 | require overload; |
19 | |
20 | use Carp; |
21 | |
907e5114 |
22 | BEGIN { |
23 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
24 | @EXPORT = qw(Dumper); |
25 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(DumperX); |
823edd99 |
26 | |
907e5114 |
27 | # if run under miniperl, or otherwise lacking dynamic loading, |
28 | # XSLoader should be attempted to load, or the pure perl flag |
29 | # toggled on load failure. |
30 | eval { |
31 | require XSLoader; |
907e5114 |
32 | }; |
33 | $Useperl = 1 if $@; |
34 | } |
823edd99 |
35 | |
a76739e6 |
36 | XSLoader::load( 'Data::Dumper' ) unless $Useperl; |
37 | |
823edd99 |
38 | # module vars and their defaults |
907e5114 |
39 | $Indent = 2 unless defined $Indent; |
40 | $Purity = 0 unless defined $Purity; |
41 | $Pad = "" unless defined $Pad; |
42 | $Varname = "VAR" unless defined $Varname; |
43 | $Useqq = 0 unless defined $Useqq; |
44 | $Terse = 0 unless defined $Terse; |
45 | $Freezer = "" unless defined $Freezer; |
46 | $Toaster = "" unless defined $Toaster; |
47 | $Deepcopy = 0 unless defined $Deepcopy; |
48 | $Quotekeys = 1 unless defined $Quotekeys; |
49 | $Bless = "bless" unless defined $Bless; |
50 | #$Expdepth = 0 unless defined $Expdepth; |
51 | $Maxdepth = 0 unless defined $Maxdepth; |
52 | $Pair = ' => ' unless defined $Pair; |
53 | $Useperl = 0 unless defined $Useperl; |
54 | $Sortkeys = 0 unless defined $Sortkeys; |
55 | $Deparse = 0 unless defined $Deparse; |
823edd99 |
56 | |
57 | # |
58 | # expects an arrayref of values to be dumped. |
59 | # can optionally pass an arrayref of names for the values. |
60 | # names must have leading $ sign stripped. begin the name with * |
61 | # to cause output of arrays and hashes rather than refs. |
62 | # |
63 | sub new { |
64 | my($c, $v, $n) = @_; |
65 | |
66 | croak "Usage: PACKAGE->new(ARRAYREF, [ARRAYREF])" |
67 | unless (defined($v) && (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY')); |
68 | $n = [] unless (defined($n) && (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY')); |
69 | |
70 | my($s) = { |
71 | level => 0, # current recursive depth |
72 | indent => $Indent, # various styles of indenting |
73 | pad => $Pad, # all lines prefixed by this string |
74 | xpad => "", # padding-per-level |
75 | apad => "", # added padding for hash keys n such |
76 | sep => "", # list separator |
30b4f386 |
77 | pair => $Pair, # hash key/value separator: defaults to ' => ' |
823edd99 |
78 | seen => {}, # local (nested) refs (id => [name, val]) |
79 | todump => $v, # values to dump [] |
80 | names => $n, # optional names for values [] |
81 | varname => $Varname, # prefix to use for tagging nameless ones |
82 | purity => $Purity, # degree to which output is evalable |
83 | useqq => $Useqq, # use "" for strings (backslashitis ensues) |
84 | terse => $Terse, # avoid name output (where feasible) |
85 | freezer => $Freezer, # name of Freezer method for objects |
86 | toaster => $Toaster, # name of method to revive objects |
87 | deepcopy => $Deepcopy, # dont cross-ref, except to stop recursion |
88 | quotekeys => $Quotekeys, # quote hash keys |
89 | 'bless' => $Bless, # keyword to use for "bless" |
90 | # expdepth => $Expdepth, # cutoff depth for explicit dumping |
a2126434 |
91 | maxdepth => $Maxdepth, # depth beyond which we give up |
31a725b3 |
92 | useperl => $Useperl, # use the pure Perl implementation |
93 | sortkeys => $Sortkeys, # flag or filter for sorting hash keys |
8e5f9a6e |
94 | deparse => $Deparse, # use B::Deparse for coderefs |
823edd99 |
95 | }; |
96 | |
97 | if ($Indent > 0) { |
98 | $s->{xpad} = " "; |
99 | $s->{sep} = "\n"; |
100 | } |
101 | return bless($s, $c); |
102 | } |
103 | |
2728842d |
104 | sub init_refaddr_format { |
105 | require Config; |
106 | my $f = $Config::Config{uvxformat}; |
107 | $f =~ tr/"//d; |
108 | our $refaddr_format = "0x%" . $f; |
109 | } |
110 | |
111 | sub format_refaddr { |
112 | require Scalar::Util; |
113 | sprintf our $refaddr_format, Scalar::Util::refaddr(shift); |
114 | } |
115 | |
823edd99 |
116 | # |
117 | # add-to or query the table of already seen references |
118 | # |
119 | sub Seen { |
120 | my($s, $g) = @_; |
121 | if (defined($g) && (ref($g) eq 'HASH')) { |
3b5b1125 |
122 | init_refaddr_format(); |
823edd99 |
123 | my($k, $v, $id); |
124 | while (($k, $v) = each %$g) { |
125 | if (defined $v and ref $v) { |
2728842d |
126 | $id = format_refaddr($v); |
823edd99 |
127 | if ($k =~ /^[*](.*)$/) { |
128 | $k = (ref $v eq 'ARRAY') ? ( "\\\@" . $1 ) : |
129 | (ref $v eq 'HASH') ? ( "\\\%" . $1 ) : |
130 | (ref $v eq 'CODE') ? ( "\\\&" . $1 ) : |
131 | ( "\$" . $1 ) ; |
132 | } |
133 | elsif ($k !~ /^\$/) { |
134 | $k = "\$" . $k; |
135 | } |
136 | $s->{seen}{$id} = [$k, $v]; |
137 | } |
138 | else { |
139 | carp "Only refs supported, ignoring non-ref item \$$k"; |
140 | } |
141 | } |
142 | return $s; |
143 | } |
144 | else { |
145 | return map { @$_ } values %{$s->{seen}}; |
146 | } |
147 | } |
148 | |
149 | # |
150 | # set or query the values to be dumped |
151 | # |
152 | sub Values { |
153 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
154 | if (defined($v) && (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY')) { |
155 | $s->{todump} = [@$v]; # make a copy |
156 | return $s; |
157 | } |
158 | else { |
159 | return @{$s->{todump}}; |
160 | } |
161 | } |
162 | |
163 | # |
164 | # set or query the names of the values to be dumped |
165 | # |
166 | sub Names { |
167 | my($s, $n) = @_; |
168 | if (defined($n) && (ref($n) eq 'ARRAY')) { |
169 | $s->{names} = [@$n]; # make a copy |
170 | return $s; |
171 | } |
172 | else { |
173 | return @{$s->{names}}; |
174 | } |
175 | } |
176 | |
177 | sub DESTROY {} |
178 | |
0f1923bd |
179 | sub Dump { |
180 | return &Dumpxs |
31a725b3 |
181 | unless $Data::Dumper::Useperl || (ref($_[0]) && $_[0]->{useperl}) || |
8e5f9a6e |
182 | $Data::Dumper::Useqq || (ref($_[0]) && $_[0]->{useqq}) || |
183 | $Data::Dumper::Deparse || (ref($_[0]) && $_[0]->{deparse}); |
0f1923bd |
184 | return &Dumpperl; |
185 | } |
186 | |
823edd99 |
187 | # |
188 | # dump the refs in the current dumper object. |
189 | # expects same args as new() if called via package name. |
190 | # |
0f1923bd |
191 | sub Dumpperl { |
823edd99 |
192 | my($s) = shift; |
193 | my(@out, $val, $name); |
194 | my($i) = 0; |
195 | local(@post); |
2728842d |
196 | init_refaddr_format(); |
823edd99 |
197 | |
198 | $s = $s->new(@_) unless ref $s; |
199 | |
200 | for $val (@{$s->{todump}}) { |
201 | my $out = ""; |
202 | @post = (); |
203 | $name = $s->{names}[$i++]; |
204 | if (defined $name) { |
205 | if ($name =~ /^[*](.*)$/) { |
206 | if (defined $val) { |
207 | $name = (ref $val eq 'ARRAY') ? ( "\@" . $1 ) : |
208 | (ref $val eq 'HASH') ? ( "\%" . $1 ) : |
209 | (ref $val eq 'CODE') ? ( "\*" . $1 ) : |
210 | ( "\$" . $1 ) ; |
211 | } |
212 | else { |
213 | $name = "\$" . $1; |
214 | } |
215 | } |
216 | elsif ($name !~ /^\$/) { |
217 | $name = "\$" . $name; |
218 | } |
219 | } |
220 | else { |
221 | $name = "\$" . $s->{varname} . $i; |
222 | } |
223 | |
224 | my $valstr; |
225 | { |
226 | local($s->{apad}) = $s->{apad}; |
227 | $s->{apad} .= ' ' x (length($name) + 3) if $s->{indent} >= 2; |
228 | $valstr = $s->_dump($val, $name); |
229 | } |
230 | |
231 | $valstr = "$name = " . $valstr . ';' if @post or !$s->{terse}; |
232 | $out .= $s->{pad} . $valstr . $s->{sep}; |
233 | $out .= $s->{pad} . join(';' . $s->{sep} . $s->{pad}, @post) |
234 | . ';' . $s->{sep} if @post; |
235 | |
236 | push @out, $out; |
237 | } |
238 | return wantarray ? @out : join('', @out); |
239 | } |
240 | |
241 | # |
242 | # twist, toil and turn; |
243 | # and recurse, of course. |
31a725b3 |
244 | # sometimes sordidly; |
245 | # and curse if no recourse. |
823edd99 |
246 | # |
247 | sub _dump { |
248 | my($s, $val, $name) = @_; |
249 | my($sname); |
250 | my($out, $realpack, $realtype, $type, $ipad, $id, $blesspad); |
251 | |
823edd99 |
252 | $type = ref $val; |
253 | $out = ""; |
254 | |
255 | if ($type) { |
256 | |
c5f7c514 |
257 | # Call the freezer method if it's specified and the object has the |
258 | # method. Trap errors and warn() instead of die()ing, like the XS |
259 | # implementation. |
260 | my $freezer = $s->{freezer}; |
261 | if ($freezer and UNIVERSAL::can($val, $freezer)) { |
262 | eval { $val->$freezer() }; |
263 | warn "WARNING(Freezer method call failed): $@" if $@; |
823edd99 |
264 | } |
265 | |
2728842d |
266 | require Scalar::Util; |
267 | $realpack = Scalar::Util::blessed($val); |
268 | $realtype = $realpack ? Scalar::Util::reftype($val) : ref $val; |
269 | $id = format_refaddr($val); |
a2126434 |
270 | |
7820172a |
271 | # if it has a name, we need to either look it up, or keep a tab |
272 | # on it so we know when we hit it later |
273 | if (defined($name) and length($name)) { |
274 | # keep a tab on it so that we dont fall into recursive pit |
275 | if (exists $s->{seen}{$id}) { |
276 | # if ($s->{expdepth} < $s->{level}) { |
277 | if ($s->{purity} and $s->{level} > 0) { |
278 | $out = ($realtype eq 'HASH') ? '{}' : |
279 | ($realtype eq 'ARRAY') ? '[]' : |
5df59fb6 |
280 | 'do{my $o}' ; |
7820172a |
281 | push @post, $name . " = " . $s->{seen}{$id}[0]; |
823edd99 |
282 | } |
283 | else { |
7820172a |
284 | $out = $s->{seen}{$id}[0]; |
285 | if ($name =~ /^([\@\%])/) { |
286 | my $start = $1; |
287 | if ($out =~ /^\\$start/) { |
288 | $out = substr($out, 1); |
289 | } |
290 | else { |
291 | $out = $start . '{' . $out . '}'; |
292 | } |
293 | } |
294 | } |
295 | return $out; |
296 | # } |
297 | } |
298 | else { |
299 | # store our name |
300 | $s->{seen}{$id} = [ (($name =~ /^[@%]/) ? ('\\' . $name ) : |
301 | ($realtype eq 'CODE' and |
302 | $name =~ /^[*](.*)$/) ? ('\\&' . $1 ) : |
303 | $name ), |
304 | $val ]; |
823edd99 |
305 | } |
823edd99 |
306 | } |
307 | |
a2126434 |
308 | if ($realpack and $realpack eq 'Regexp') { |
7894fbab |
309 | $out = "$val"; |
310 | $out =~ s,/,\\/,g; |
311 | return "qr/$out/"; |
a2126434 |
312 | } |
313 | |
314 | # If purity is not set and maxdepth is set, then check depth: |
315 | # if we have reached maximum depth, return the string |
316 | # representation of the thing we are currently examining |
317 | # at this depth (i.e., 'Foo=ARRAY(0xdeadbeef)'). |
318 | if (!$s->{purity} |
319 | and $s->{maxdepth} > 0 |
320 | and $s->{level} >= $s->{maxdepth}) |
321 | { |
322 | return qq['$val']; |
323 | } |
324 | |
325 | # we have a blessed ref |
326 | if ($realpack) { |
327 | $out = $s->{'bless'} . '( '; |
328 | $blesspad = $s->{apad}; |
329 | $s->{apad} .= ' ' if ($s->{indent} >= 2); |
7894fbab |
330 | } |
331 | |
823edd99 |
332 | $s->{level}++; |
333 | $ipad = $s->{xpad} x $s->{level}; |
334 | |
54964f74 |
335 | if ($realtype eq 'SCALAR' || $realtype eq 'REF') { |
823edd99 |
336 | if ($realpack) { |
7820172a |
337 | $out .= 'do{\\(my $o = ' . $s->_dump($$val, "\${$name}") . ')}'; |
823edd99 |
338 | } |
339 | else { |
7820172a |
340 | $out .= '\\' . $s->_dump($$val, "\${$name}"); |
823edd99 |
341 | } |
342 | } |
343 | elsif ($realtype eq 'GLOB') { |
7820172a |
344 | $out .= '\\' . $s->_dump($$val, "*{$name}"); |
823edd99 |
345 | } |
346 | elsif ($realtype eq 'ARRAY') { |
347 | my($v, $pad, $mname); |
348 | my($i) = 0; |
349 | $out .= ($name =~ /^\@/) ? '(' : '['; |
350 | $pad = $s->{sep} . $s->{pad} . $s->{apad}; |
351 | ($name =~ /^\@(.*)$/) ? ($mname = "\$" . $1) : |
7820172a |
352 | # omit -> if $foo->[0]->{bar}, but not ${$foo->[0]}->{bar} |
353 | ($name =~ /^\\?[\%\@\*\$][^{].*[]}]$/) ? ($mname = $name) : |
354 | ($mname = $name . '->'); |
823edd99 |
355 | $mname .= '->' if $mname =~ /^\*.+\{[A-Z]+\}$/; |
356 | for $v (@$val) { |
357 | $sname = $mname . '[' . $i . ']'; |
358 | $out .= $pad . $ipad . '#' . $i if $s->{indent} >= 3; |
359 | $out .= $pad . $ipad . $s->_dump($v, $sname); |
360 | $out .= "," if $i++ < $#$val; |
361 | } |
362 | $out .= $pad . ($s->{xpad} x ($s->{level} - 1)) if $i; |
363 | $out .= ($name =~ /^\@/) ? ')' : ']'; |
364 | } |
365 | elsif ($realtype eq 'HASH') { |
30b4f386 |
366 | my($k, $v, $pad, $lpad, $mname, $pair); |
823edd99 |
367 | $out .= ($name =~ /^\%/) ? '(' : '{'; |
368 | $pad = $s->{sep} . $s->{pad} . $s->{apad}; |
369 | $lpad = $s->{apad}; |
30b4f386 |
370 | $pair = $s->{pair}; |
7820172a |
371 | ($name =~ /^\%(.*)$/) ? ($mname = "\$" . $1) : |
372 | # omit -> if $foo->[0]->{bar}, but not ${$foo->[0]}->{bar} |
373 | ($name =~ /^\\?[\%\@\*\$][^{].*[]}]$/) ? ($mname = $name) : |
374 | ($mname = $name . '->'); |
823edd99 |
375 | $mname .= '->' if $mname =~ /^\*.+\{[A-Z]+\}$/; |
31a725b3 |
376 | my ($sortkeys, $keys, $key) = ("$s->{sortkeys}"); |
377 | if ($sortkeys) { |
378 | if (ref($s->{sortkeys}) eq 'CODE') { |
379 | $keys = $s->{sortkeys}($val); |
380 | unless (ref($keys) eq 'ARRAY') { |
381 | carp "Sortkeys subroutine did not return ARRAYREF"; |
382 | $keys = []; |
383 | } |
384 | } |
385 | else { |
386 | $keys = [ sort keys %$val ]; |
387 | } |
388 | } |
389 | while (($k, $v) = ! $sortkeys ? (each %$val) : |
390 | @$keys ? ($key = shift(@$keys), $val->{$key}) : |
391 | () ) |
392 | { |
823edd99 |
393 | my $nk = $s->_dump($k, ""); |
394 | $nk = $1 if !$s->{quotekeys} and $nk =~ /^[\"\']([A-Za-z_]\w*)[\"\']$/; |
395 | $sname = $mname . '{' . $nk . '}'; |
30b4f386 |
396 | $out .= $pad . $ipad . $nk . $pair; |
823edd99 |
397 | |
398 | # temporarily alter apad |
399 | $s->{apad} .= (" " x (length($nk) + 4)) if $s->{indent} >= 2; |
400 | $out .= $s->_dump($val->{$k}, $sname) . ","; |
401 | $s->{apad} = $lpad if $s->{indent} >= 2; |
402 | } |
403 | if (substr($out, -1) eq ',') { |
404 | chop $out; |
405 | $out .= $pad . ($s->{xpad} x ($s->{level} - 1)); |
406 | } |
407 | $out .= ($name =~ /^\%/) ? ')' : '}'; |
408 | } |
409 | elsif ($realtype eq 'CODE') { |
8e5f9a6e |
410 | if ($s->{deparse}) { |
411 | require B::Deparse; |
412 | my $sub = 'sub ' . (B::Deparse->new)->coderef2text($val); |
41a63c2f |
413 | $pad = $s->{sep} . $s->{pad} . $s->{apad} . $s->{xpad} x ($s->{level} - 1); |
8e5f9a6e |
414 | $sub =~ s/\n/$pad/gse; |
415 | $out .= $sub; |
416 | } else { |
417 | $out .= 'sub { "DUMMY" }'; |
418 | carp "Encountered CODE ref, using dummy placeholder" if $s->{purity}; |
419 | } |
823edd99 |
420 | } |
421 | else { |
422 | croak "Can\'t handle $realtype type."; |
423 | } |
424 | |
425 | if ($realpack) { # we have a blessed ref |
426 | $out .= ', \'' . $realpack . '\'' . ' )'; |
427 | $out .= '->' . $s->{toaster} . '()' if $s->{toaster} ne ''; |
428 | $s->{apad} = $blesspad; |
429 | } |
430 | $s->{level}--; |
431 | |
432 | } |
433 | else { # simple scalar |
434 | |
435 | my $ref = \$_[1]; |
436 | # first, catalog the scalar |
437 | if ($name ne '') { |
2728842d |
438 | $id = format_refaddr($ref); |
823edd99 |
439 | if (exists $s->{seen}{$id}) { |
7820172a |
440 | if ($s->{seen}{$id}[2]) { |
441 | $out = $s->{seen}{$id}[0]; |
442 | #warn "[<$out]\n"; |
443 | return "\${$out}"; |
444 | } |
823edd99 |
445 | } |
446 | else { |
7820172a |
447 | #warn "[>\\$name]\n"; |
448 | $s->{seen}{$id} = ["\\$name", $ref]; |
823edd99 |
449 | } |
450 | } |
451 | if (ref($ref) eq 'GLOB' or "$ref" =~ /=GLOB\([^()]+\)$/) { # glob |
452 | my $name = substr($val, 1); |
453 | if ($name =~ /^[A-Za-z_][\w:]*$/) { |
454 | $name =~ s/^main::/::/; |
455 | $sname = $name; |
456 | } |
457 | else { |
458 | $sname = $s->_dump($name, ""); |
459 | $sname = '{' . $sname . '}'; |
460 | } |
461 | if ($s->{purity}) { |
462 | my $k; |
463 | local ($s->{level}) = 0; |
464 | for $k (qw(SCALAR ARRAY HASH)) { |
7820172a |
465 | my $gval = *$val{$k}; |
466 | next unless defined $gval; |
467 | next if $k eq "SCALAR" && ! defined $$gval; # always there |
468 | |
823edd99 |
469 | # _dump can push into @post, so we hold our place using $postlen |
470 | my $postlen = scalar @post; |
471 | $post[$postlen] = "\*$sname = "; |
472 | local ($s->{apad}) = " " x length($post[$postlen]) if $s->{indent} >= 2; |
7820172a |
473 | $post[$postlen] .= $s->_dump($gval, "\*$sname\{$k\}"); |
823edd99 |
474 | } |
475 | } |
476 | $out .= '*' . $sname; |
477 | } |
7820172a |
478 | elsif (!defined($val)) { |
479 | $out .= "undef"; |
480 | } |
c4cce848 |
481 | elsif ($val =~ /^(?:0|-?[1-9]\d{0,8})\z/) { # safe decimal number |
823edd99 |
482 | $out .= $val; |
483 | } |
484 | else { # string |
c4cce848 |
485 | if ($s->{useqq} or $val =~ tr/\0-\377//c) { |
486 | # Fall back to qq if there's unicode |
7820172a |
487 | $out .= qquote($val, $s->{useqq}); |
823edd99 |
488 | } |
489 | else { |
490 | $val =~ s/([\\\'])/\\$1/g; |
491 | $out .= '\'' . $val . '\''; |
492 | } |
493 | } |
494 | } |
7820172a |
495 | if ($id) { |
496 | # if we made it this far, $id was added to seen list at current |
497 | # level, so remove it to get deep copies |
498 | if ($s->{deepcopy}) { |
499 | delete($s->{seen}{$id}); |
500 | } |
501 | elsif ($name) { |
502 | $s->{seen}{$id}[2] = 1; |
503 | } |
504 | } |
823edd99 |
505 | return $out; |
506 | } |
507 | |
508 | # |
509 | # non-OO style of earlier version |
510 | # |
511 | sub Dumper { |
512 | return Data::Dumper->Dump([@_]); |
513 | } |
514 | |
0f1923bd |
515 | # compat stub |
823edd99 |
516 | sub DumperX { |
517 | return Data::Dumper->Dumpxs([@_], []); |
518 | } |
519 | |
520 | sub Dumpf { return Data::Dumper->Dump(@_) } |
521 | |
522 | sub Dumpp { print Data::Dumper->Dump(@_) } |
523 | |
524 | # |
525 | # reset the "seen" cache |
526 | # |
527 | sub Reset { |
528 | my($s) = shift; |
529 | $s->{seen} = {}; |
530 | return $s; |
531 | } |
532 | |
533 | sub Indent { |
534 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
535 | if (defined($v)) { |
536 | if ($v == 0) { |
537 | $s->{xpad} = ""; |
538 | $s->{sep} = ""; |
539 | } |
540 | else { |
541 | $s->{xpad} = " "; |
542 | $s->{sep} = "\n"; |
543 | } |
544 | $s->{indent} = $v; |
545 | return $s; |
546 | } |
547 | else { |
548 | return $s->{indent}; |
549 | } |
550 | } |
551 | |
30b4f386 |
552 | sub Pair { |
553 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
554 | defined($v) ? (($s->{pair} = $v), return $s) : $s->{pair}; |
555 | } |
556 | |
823edd99 |
557 | sub Pad { |
558 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
559 | defined($v) ? (($s->{pad} = $v), return $s) : $s->{pad}; |
560 | } |
561 | |
562 | sub Varname { |
563 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
564 | defined($v) ? (($s->{varname} = $v), return $s) : $s->{varname}; |
565 | } |
566 | |
567 | sub Purity { |
568 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
569 | defined($v) ? (($s->{purity} = $v), return $s) : $s->{purity}; |
570 | } |
571 | |
572 | sub Useqq { |
573 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
574 | defined($v) ? (($s->{useqq} = $v), return $s) : $s->{useqq}; |
575 | } |
576 | |
577 | sub Terse { |
578 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
579 | defined($v) ? (($s->{terse} = $v), return $s) : $s->{terse}; |
580 | } |
581 | |
582 | sub Freezer { |
583 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
584 | defined($v) ? (($s->{freezer} = $v), return $s) : $s->{freezer}; |
585 | } |
586 | |
587 | sub Toaster { |
588 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
589 | defined($v) ? (($s->{toaster} = $v), return $s) : $s->{toaster}; |
590 | } |
591 | |
592 | sub Deepcopy { |
593 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
594 | defined($v) ? (($s->{deepcopy} = $v), return $s) : $s->{deepcopy}; |
595 | } |
596 | |
597 | sub Quotekeys { |
598 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
599 | defined($v) ? (($s->{quotekeys} = $v), return $s) : $s->{quotekeys}; |
600 | } |
601 | |
602 | sub Bless { |
603 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
604 | defined($v) ? (($s->{'bless'} = $v), return $s) : $s->{'bless'}; |
605 | } |
606 | |
a2126434 |
607 | sub Maxdepth { |
608 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
609 | defined($v) ? (($s->{'maxdepth'} = $v), return $s) : $s->{'maxdepth'}; |
610 | } |
611 | |
31a725b3 |
612 | sub Useperl { |
613 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
614 | defined($v) ? (($s->{'useperl'} = $v), return $s) : $s->{'useperl'}; |
615 | } |
616 | |
617 | sub Sortkeys { |
618 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
619 | defined($v) ? (($s->{'sortkeys'} = $v), return $s) : $s->{'sortkeys'}; |
620 | } |
621 | |
8e5f9a6e |
622 | sub Deparse { |
623 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
624 | defined($v) ? (($s->{'deparse'} = $v), return $s) : $s->{'deparse'}; |
625 | } |
a2126434 |
626 | |
7820172a |
627 | # used by qquote below |
628 | my %esc = ( |
629 | "\a" => "\\a", |
630 | "\b" => "\\b", |
631 | "\t" => "\\t", |
632 | "\n" => "\\n", |
633 | "\f" => "\\f", |
634 | "\r" => "\\r", |
635 | "\e" => "\\e", |
636 | ); |
637 | |
823edd99 |
638 | # put a string value in double quotes |
639 | sub qquote { |
640 | local($_) = shift; |
7820172a |
641 | s/([\\\"\@\$])/\\$1/g; |
dc71dc59 |
642 | my $bytes; { use bytes; $bytes = length } |
643 | s/([^\x00-\x7f])/'\x{'.sprintf("%x",ord($1)).'}'/ge if $bytes > length; |
0407a77b |
644 | return qq("$_") unless |
645 | /[^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/; # fast exit |
7820172a |
646 | |
647 | my $high = shift || ""; |
648 | s/([\a\b\t\n\f\r\e])/$esc{$1}/g; |
649 | |
0407a77b |
650 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
651 | # no need for 3 digits in escape for these |
652 | s/([\0-\037])(?!\d)/'\\'.sprintf('%o',ord($1))/eg; |
653 | s/([\0-\037\177])/'\\'.sprintf('%03o',ord($1))/eg; |
43948175 |
654 | # all but last branch below not supported --BEHAVIOR SUBJECT TO CHANGE-- |
0407a77b |
655 | if ($high eq "iso8859") { |
656 | s/([\200-\240])/'\\'.sprintf('%o',ord($1))/eg; |
657 | } elsif ($high eq "utf8") { |
658 | # use utf8; |
659 | # $str =~ s/([^\040-\176])/sprintf "\\x{%04x}", ord($1)/ge; |
660 | } elsif ($high eq "8bit") { |
661 | # leave it as it is |
662 | } else { |
663 | s/([\200-\377])/'\\'.sprintf('%03o',ord($1))/eg; |
c4cce848 |
664 | s/([^\040-\176])/sprintf "\\x{%04x}", ord($1)/ge; |
0407a77b |
665 | } |
666 | } |
667 | else { # ebcdic |
43948175 |
668 | s{([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~])(?!\d)} |
669 | {my $v = ord($1); '\\'.sprintf(($v <= 037 ? '%o' : '%03o'), $v)}eg; |
670 | s{([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~])} |
671 | {'\\'.sprintf('%03o',ord($1))}eg; |
7820172a |
672 | } |
0407a77b |
673 | |
7820172a |
674 | return qq("$_"); |
823edd99 |
675 | } |
676 | |
fec5e1eb |
677 | # helper sub to sort hash keys in Perl < 5.8.0 where we don't have |
678 | # access to sortsv() from XS |
679 | sub _sortkeys { [ sort keys %{$_[0]} ] } |
680 | |
823edd99 |
681 | 1; |
682 | __END__ |
683 | |
684 | =head1 NAME |
685 | |
686 | Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both printing and C<eval> |
687 | |
823edd99 |
688 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
689 | |
690 | use Data::Dumper; |
691 | |
692 | # simple procedural interface |
693 | print Dumper($foo, $bar); |
694 | |
695 | # extended usage with names |
696 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]); |
697 | |
698 | # configuration variables |
699 | { |
82df27e1 |
700 | local $Data::Dumper::Purity = 1; |
823edd99 |
701 | eval Data::Dumper->Dump([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]); |
702 | } |
703 | |
704 | # OO usage |
705 | $d = Data::Dumper->new([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]); |
706 | ... |
707 | print $d->Dump; |
708 | ... |
709 | $d->Purity(1)->Terse(1)->Deepcopy(1); |
710 | eval $d->Dump; |
711 | |
712 | |
713 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
714 | |
715 | Given a list of scalars or reference variables, writes out their contents in |
716 | perl syntax. The references can also be objects. The contents of each |
717 | variable is output in a single Perl statement. Handles self-referential |
718 | structures correctly. |
719 | |
720 | The return value can be C<eval>ed to get back an identical copy of the |
fc3a748c |
721 | original reference structure. |
823edd99 |
722 | |
723 | Any references that are the same as one of those passed in will be named |
724 | C<$VAR>I<n> (where I<n> is a numeric suffix), and other duplicate references |
725 | to substructures within C<$VAR>I<n> will be appropriately labeled using arrow |
726 | notation. You can specify names for individual values to be dumped if you |
727 | use the C<Dump()> method, or you can change the default C<$VAR> prefix to |
728 | something else. See C<$Data::Dumper::Varname> and C<$Data::Dumper::Terse> |
729 | below. |
730 | |
731 | The default output of self-referential structures can be C<eval>ed, but the |
732 | nested references to C<$VAR>I<n> will be undefined, since a recursive |
733 | structure cannot be constructed using one Perl statement. You should set the |
734 | C<Purity> flag to 1 to get additional statements that will correctly fill in |
fc3a748c |
735 | these references. Moreover, if C<eval>ed when strictures are in effect, |
736 | you need to ensure that any variables it accesses are previously declared. |
823edd99 |
737 | |
738 | In the extended usage form, the references to be dumped can be given |
739 | user-specified names. If a name begins with a C<*>, the output will |
740 | describe the dereferenced type of the supplied reference for hashes and |
741 | arrays, and coderefs. Output of names will be avoided where possible if |
742 | the C<Terse> flag is set. |
743 | |
744 | In many cases, methods that are used to set the internal state of the |
745 | object will return the object itself, so method calls can be conveniently |
746 | chained together. |
747 | |
748 | Several styles of output are possible, all controlled by setting |
749 | the C<Indent> flag. See L<Configuration Variables or Methods> below |
750 | for details. |
751 | |
752 | |
753 | =head2 Methods |
754 | |
755 | =over 4 |
756 | |
757 | =item I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>) |
758 | |
759 | Returns a newly created C<Data::Dumper> object. The first argument is an |
760 | anonymous array of values to be dumped. The optional second argument is an |
761 | anonymous array of names for the values. The names need not have a leading |
762 | C<$> sign, and must be comprised of alphanumeric characters. You can begin |
763 | a name with a C<*> to specify that the dereferenced type must be dumped |
764 | instead of the reference itself, for ARRAY and HASH references. |
765 | |
766 | The prefix specified by C<$Data::Dumper::Varname> will be used with a |
767 | numeric suffix if the name for a value is undefined. |
768 | |
769 | Data::Dumper will catalog all references encountered while dumping the |
770 | values. Cross-references (in the form of names of substructures in perl |
771 | syntax) will be inserted at all possible points, preserving any structural |
772 | interdependencies in the original set of values. Structure traversal is |
773 | depth-first, and proceeds in order from the first supplied value to |
774 | the last. |
775 | |
776 | =item I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or> I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>) |
777 | |
778 | Returns the stringified form of the values stored in the object (preserving |
779 | the order in which they were supplied to C<new>), subject to the |
91e74348 |
780 | configuration options below. In a list context, it returns a list |
823edd99 |
781 | of strings corresponding to the supplied values. |
782 | |
783 | The second form, for convenience, simply calls the C<new> method on its |
784 | arguments before dumping the object immediately. |
785 | |
823edd99 |
786 | =item I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>) |
787 | |
788 | Queries or adds to the internal table of already encountered references. |
789 | You must use C<Reset> to explicitly clear the table if needed. Such |
790 | references are not dumped; instead, their names are inserted wherever they |
791 | are encountered subsequently. This is useful especially for properly |
792 | dumping subroutine references. |
793 | |
d1be9408 |
794 | Expects an anonymous hash of name => value pairs. Same rules apply for names |
823edd99 |
795 | as in C<new>. If no argument is supplied, will return the "seen" list of |
91e74348 |
796 | name => value pairs, in a list context. Otherwise, returns the object |
823edd99 |
797 | itself. |
798 | |
799 | =item I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>) |
800 | |
801 | Queries or replaces the internal array of values that will be dumped. |
802 | When called without arguments, returns the values. Otherwise, returns the |
803 | object itself. |
804 | |
805 | =item I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>) |
806 | |
807 | Queries or replaces the internal array of user supplied names for the values |
808 | that will be dumped. When called without arguments, returns the names. |
809 | Otherwise, returns the object itself. |
810 | |
811 | =item I<$OBJ>->Reset |
812 | |
813 | Clears the internal table of "seen" references and returns the object |
814 | itself. |
815 | |
816 | =back |
817 | |
818 | =head2 Functions |
819 | |
820 | =over 4 |
821 | |
822 | =item Dumper(I<LIST>) |
823 | |
824 | Returns the stringified form of the values in the list, subject to the |
825 | configuration options below. The values will be named C<$VAR>I<n> in the |
826 | output, where I<n> is a numeric suffix. Will return a list of strings |
91e74348 |
827 | in a list context. |
823edd99 |
828 | |
823edd99 |
829 | =back |
830 | |
831 | =head2 Configuration Variables or Methods |
832 | |
833 | Several configuration variables can be used to control the kind of output |
834 | generated when using the procedural interface. These variables are usually |
835 | C<local>ized in a block so that other parts of the code are not affected by |
836 | the change. |
837 | |
838 | These variables determine the default state of the object created by calling |
839 | the C<new> method, but cannot be used to alter the state of the object |
840 | thereafter. The equivalent method names should be used instead to query |
841 | or set the internal state of the object. |
842 | |
843 | The method forms return the object itself when called with arguments, |
844 | so that they can be chained together nicely. |
845 | |
846 | =over 4 |
847 | |
28bf64cc |
848 | =item * |
849 | |
850 | $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
823edd99 |
851 | |
852 | Controls the style of indentation. It can be set to 0, 1, 2 or 3. Style 0 |
853 | spews output without any newlines, indentation, or spaces between list |
854 | items. It is the most compact format possible that can still be called |
855 | valid perl. Style 1 outputs a readable form with newlines but no fancy |
856 | indentation (each level in the structure is simply indented by a fixed |
857 | amount of whitespace). Style 2 (the default) outputs a very readable form |
858 | which takes into account the length of hash keys (so the hash value lines |
859 | up). Style 3 is like style 2, but also annotates the elements of arrays |
860 | with their index (but the comment is on its own line, so array output |
861 | consumes twice the number of lines). Style 2 is the default. |
862 | |
28bf64cc |
863 | =item * |
864 | |
865 | $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
823edd99 |
866 | |
867 | Controls the degree to which the output can be C<eval>ed to recreate the |
868 | supplied reference structures. Setting it to 1 will output additional perl |
869 | statements that will correctly recreate nested references. The default is |
870 | 0. |
871 | |
28bf64cc |
872 | =item * |
873 | |
874 | $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
823edd99 |
875 | |
876 | Specifies the string that will be prefixed to every line of the output. |
877 | Empty string by default. |
878 | |
28bf64cc |
879 | =item * |
880 | |
881 | $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
823edd99 |
882 | |
883 | Contains the prefix to use for tagging variable names in the output. The |
884 | default is "VAR". |
885 | |
28bf64cc |
886 | =item * |
887 | |
888 | $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
823edd99 |
889 | |
890 | When set, enables the use of double quotes for representing string values. |
891 | Whitespace other than space will be represented as C<[\n\t\r]>, "unsafe" |
892 | characters will be backslashed, and unprintable characters will be output as |
893 | quoted octal integers. Since setting this variable imposes a performance |
0f1923bd |
894 | penalty, the default is 0. C<Dump()> will run slower if this flag is set, |
895 | since the fast XSUB implementation doesn't support it yet. |
823edd99 |
896 | |
28bf64cc |
897 | =item * |
898 | |
899 | $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
823edd99 |
900 | |
901 | When set, Data::Dumper will emit single, non-self-referential values as |
902 | atoms/terms rather than statements. This means that the C<$VAR>I<n> names |
903 | will be avoided where possible, but be advised that such output may not |
904 | always be parseable by C<eval>. |
905 | |
28bf64cc |
906 | =item * |
907 | |
908 | $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
823edd99 |
909 | |
910 | Can be set to a method name, or to an empty string to disable the feature. |
911 | Data::Dumper will invoke that method via the object before attempting to |
912 | stringify it. This method can alter the contents of the object (if, for |
913 | instance, it contains data allocated from C), and even rebless it in a |
914 | different package. The client is responsible for making sure the specified |
915 | method can be called via the object, and that the object ends up containing |
916 | only perl data types after the method has been called. Defaults to an empty |
917 | string. |
918 | |
c5f7c514 |
919 | If an object does not support the method specified (determined using |
920 | UNIVERSAL::can()) then the call will be skipped. If the method dies a |
921 | warning will be generated. |
922 | |
28bf64cc |
923 | =item * |
924 | |
925 | $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
823edd99 |
926 | |
927 | Can be set to a method name, or to an empty string to disable the feature. |
928 | Data::Dumper will emit a method call for any objects that are to be dumped |
8e5f9a6e |
929 | using the syntax C<bless(DATA, CLASS)-E<gt>METHOD()>. Note that this means that |
823edd99 |
930 | the method specified will have to perform any modifications required on the |
931 | object (like creating new state within it, and/or reblessing it in a |
932 | different package) and then return it. The client is responsible for making |
933 | sure the method can be called via the object, and that it returns a valid |
934 | object. Defaults to an empty string. |
935 | |
28bf64cc |
936 | =item * |
937 | |
938 | $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
823edd99 |
939 | |
940 | Can be set to a boolean value to enable deep copies of structures. |
941 | Cross-referencing will then only be done when absolutely essential |
942 | (i.e., to break reference cycles). Default is 0. |
943 | |
28bf64cc |
944 | =item * |
945 | |
946 | $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
823edd99 |
947 | |
948 | Can be set to a boolean value to control whether hash keys are quoted. |
949 | A false value will avoid quoting hash keys when it looks like a simple |
950 | string. Default is 1, which will always enclose hash keys in quotes. |
951 | |
28bf64cc |
952 | =item * |
953 | |
954 | $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
823edd99 |
955 | |
956 | Can be set to a string that specifies an alternative to the C<bless> |
957 | builtin operator used to create objects. A function with the specified |
958 | name should exist, and should accept the same arguments as the builtin. |
959 | Default is C<bless>. |
960 | |
28bf64cc |
961 | =item * |
962 | |
30b4f386 |
963 | $Data::Dumper::Pair I<or> $I<OBJ>->Pair(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
964 | |
965 | Can be set to a string that specifies the separator between hash keys |
966 | and values. To dump nested hash, array and scalar values to JavaScript, |
967 | use: C<$Data::Dumper::Pair = ' : ';>. Implementing C<bless> in JavaScript |
968 | is left as an exercise for the reader. |
969 | A function with the specified name exists, and accepts the same arguments |
970 | as the builtin. |
971 | |
972 | Default is: C< =E<gt> >. |
973 | |
974 | =item * |
975 | |
28bf64cc |
976 | $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
a2126434 |
977 | |
978 | Can be set to a positive integer that specifies the depth beyond which |
979 | which we don't venture into a structure. Has no effect when |
980 | C<Data::Dumper::Purity> is set. (Useful in debugger when we often don't |
981 | want to see more than enough). Default is 0, which means there is |
982 | no maximum depth. |
983 | |
28bf64cc |
984 | =item * |
985 | |
986 | $Data::Dumper::Useperl I<or> $I<OBJ>->Useperl(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
31a725b3 |
987 | |
988 | Can be set to a boolean value which controls whether the pure Perl |
989 | implementation of C<Data::Dumper> is used. The C<Data::Dumper> module is |
990 | a dual implementation, with almost all functionality written in both |
991 | pure Perl and also in XS ('C'). Since the XS version is much faster, it |
992 | will always be used if possible. This option lets you override the |
993 | default behavior, usually for testing purposes only. Default is 0, which |
994 | means the XS implementation will be used if possible. |
995 | |
28bf64cc |
996 | =item * |
997 | |
998 | $Data::Dumper::Sortkeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Sortkeys(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
31a725b3 |
999 | |
1000 | Can be set to a boolean value to control whether hash keys are dumped in |
1001 | sorted order. A true value will cause the keys of all hashes to be |
1002 | dumped in Perl's default sort order. Can also be set to a subroutine |
1003 | reference which will be called for each hash that is dumped. In this |
1004 | case C<Data::Dumper> will call the subroutine once for each hash, |
1005 | passing it the reference of the hash. The purpose of the subroutine is |
1006 | to return a reference to an array of the keys that will be dumped, in |
1007 | the order that they should be dumped. Using this feature, you can |
1008 | control both the order of the keys, and which keys are actually used. In |
1009 | other words, this subroutine acts as a filter by which you can exclude |
1010 | certain keys from being dumped. Default is 0, which means that hash keys |
1011 | are not sorted. |
1012 | |
28bf64cc |
1013 | =item * |
1014 | |
1015 | $Data::Dumper::Deparse I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deparse(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
8e5f9a6e |
1016 | |
1017 | Can be set to a boolean value to control whether code references are |
1018 | turned into perl source code. If set to a true value, C<B::Deparse> |
1019 | will be used to get the source of the code reference. Using this option |
1020 | will force using the Perl implementation of the dumper, since the fast |
1021 | XSUB implementation doesn't support it. |
1022 | |
1023 | Caution : use this option only if you know that your coderefs will be |
1024 | properly reconstructed by C<B::Deparse>. |
1025 | |
823edd99 |
1026 | =back |
1027 | |
1028 | =head2 Exports |
1029 | |
1030 | =over 4 |
1031 | |
1032 | =item Dumper |
1033 | |
1034 | =back |
1035 | |
1036 | =head1 EXAMPLES |
1037 | |
1038 | Run these code snippets to get a quick feel for the behavior of this |
1039 | module. When you are through with these examples, you may want to |
1040 | add or change the various configuration variables described above, |
1041 | to see their behavior. (See the testsuite in the Data::Dumper |
1042 | distribution for more examples.) |
1043 | |
1044 | |
1045 | use Data::Dumper; |
1046 | |
1047 | package Foo; |
1048 | sub new {bless {'a' => 1, 'b' => sub { return "foo" }}, $_[0]}; |
1049 | |
1050 | package Fuz; # a weird REF-REF-SCALAR object |
1051 | sub new {bless \($_ = \ 'fu\'z'), $_[0]}; |
1052 | |
1053 | package main; |
1054 | $foo = Foo->new; |
1055 | $fuz = Fuz->new; |
1056 | $boo = [ 1, [], "abcd", \*foo, |
1057 | {1 => 'a', 023 => 'b', 0x45 => 'c'}, |
1058 | \\"p\q\'r", $foo, $fuz]; |
3cb6de81 |
1059 | |
823edd99 |
1060 | ######## |
1061 | # simple usage |
1062 | ######## |
1063 | |
1064 | $bar = eval(Dumper($boo)); |
1065 | print($@) if $@; |
1066 | print Dumper($boo), Dumper($bar); # pretty print (no array indices) |
1067 | |
1068 | $Data::Dumper::Terse = 1; # don't output names where feasible |
1069 | $Data::Dumper::Indent = 0; # turn off all pretty print |
1070 | print Dumper($boo), "\n"; |
1071 | |
1072 | $Data::Dumper::Indent = 1; # mild pretty print |
1073 | print Dumper($boo); |
1074 | |
1075 | $Data::Dumper::Indent = 3; # pretty print with array indices |
1076 | print Dumper($boo); |
1077 | |
1078 | $Data::Dumper::Useqq = 1; # print strings in double quotes |
1079 | print Dumper($boo); |
3cb6de81 |
1080 | |
30b4f386 |
1081 | $Data::Dumper::Pair = " : "; # specify hash key/value separator |
1082 | print Dumper($boo); |
1083 | |
3cb6de81 |
1084 | |
823edd99 |
1085 | ######## |
1086 | # recursive structures |
1087 | ######## |
3cb6de81 |
1088 | |
823edd99 |
1089 | @c = ('c'); |
1090 | $c = \@c; |
1091 | $b = {}; |
1092 | $a = [1, $b, $c]; |
1093 | $b->{a} = $a; |
1094 | $b->{b} = $a->[1]; |
1095 | $b->{c} = $a->[2]; |
1096 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$a,$b,$c], [qw(a b c)]); |
3cb6de81 |
1097 | |
1098 | |
823edd99 |
1099 | $Data::Dumper::Purity = 1; # fill in the holes for eval |
1100 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$a, $b], [qw(*a b)]); # print as @a |
1101 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]); # print as %b |
3cb6de81 |
1102 | |
1103 | |
823edd99 |
1104 | $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy = 1; # avoid cross-refs |
1105 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]); |
3cb6de81 |
1106 | |
1107 | |
823edd99 |
1108 | $Data::Dumper::Purity = 0; # avoid cross-refs |
1109 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]); |
3cb6de81 |
1110 | |
a2126434 |
1111 | ######## |
1112 | # deep structures |
1113 | ######## |
3cb6de81 |
1114 | |
a2126434 |
1115 | $a = "pearl"; |
1116 | $b = [ $a ]; |
1117 | $c = { 'b' => $b }; |
1118 | $d = [ $c ]; |
1119 | $e = { 'd' => $d }; |
1120 | $f = { 'e' => $e }; |
1121 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$f], [qw(f)]); |
1122 | |
1123 | $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth = 3; # no deeper than 3 refs down |
1124 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$f], [qw(f)]); |
1125 | |
3cb6de81 |
1126 | |
823edd99 |
1127 | ######## |
1128 | # object-oriented usage |
1129 | ######## |
3cb6de81 |
1130 | |
823edd99 |
1131 | $d = Data::Dumper->new([$a,$b], [qw(a b)]); |
1132 | $d->Seen({'*c' => $c}); # stash a ref without printing it |
1133 | $d->Indent(3); |
1134 | print $d->Dump; |
1135 | $d->Reset->Purity(0); # empty the seen cache |
1136 | print join "----\n", $d->Dump; |
3cb6de81 |
1137 | |
1138 | |
823edd99 |
1139 | ######## |
1140 | # persistence |
1141 | ######## |
3cb6de81 |
1142 | |
823edd99 |
1143 | package Foo; |
1144 | sub new { bless { state => 'awake' }, shift } |
1145 | sub Freeze { |
1146 | my $s = shift; |
1147 | print STDERR "preparing to sleep\n"; |
1148 | $s->{state} = 'asleep'; |
1149 | return bless $s, 'Foo::ZZZ'; |
1150 | } |
3cb6de81 |
1151 | |
823edd99 |
1152 | package Foo::ZZZ; |
1153 | sub Thaw { |
1154 | my $s = shift; |
1155 | print STDERR "waking up\n"; |
1156 | $s->{state} = 'awake'; |
1157 | return bless $s, 'Foo'; |
1158 | } |
3cb6de81 |
1159 | |
823edd99 |
1160 | package Foo; |
1161 | use Data::Dumper; |
1162 | $a = Foo->new; |
1163 | $b = Data::Dumper->new([$a], ['c']); |
1164 | $b->Freezer('Freeze'); |
1165 | $b->Toaster('Thaw'); |
1166 | $c = $b->Dump; |
1167 | print $c; |
1168 | $d = eval $c; |
1169 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$d], ['d']); |
3cb6de81 |
1170 | |
1171 | |
823edd99 |
1172 | ######## |
1173 | # symbol substitution (useful for recreating CODE refs) |
1174 | ######## |
3cb6de81 |
1175 | |
823edd99 |
1176 | sub foo { print "foo speaking\n" } |
1177 | *other = \&foo; |
1178 | $bar = [ \&other ]; |
1179 | $d = Data::Dumper->new([\&other,$bar],['*other','bar']); |
1180 | $d->Seen({ '*foo' => \&foo }); |
1181 | print $d->Dump; |
1182 | |
1183 | |
31a725b3 |
1184 | ######## |
1185 | # sorting and filtering hash keys |
1186 | ######## |
1187 | |
1188 | $Data::Dumper::Sortkeys = \&my_filter; |
1189 | my $foo = { map { (ord, "$_$_$_") } 'I'..'Q' }; |
1190 | my $bar = { %$foo }; |
1191 | my $baz = { reverse %$foo }; |
1192 | print Dumper [ $foo, $bar, $baz ]; |
1193 | |
1194 | sub my_filter { |
1195 | my ($hash) = @_; |
1196 | # return an array ref containing the hash keys to dump |
1197 | # in the order that you want them to be dumped |
1198 | return [ |
1199 | # Sort the keys of %$foo in reverse numeric order |
1200 | $hash eq $foo ? (sort {$b <=> $a} keys %$hash) : |
1201 | # Only dump the odd number keys of %$bar |
1202 | $hash eq $bar ? (grep {$_ % 2} keys %$hash) : |
1203 | # Sort keys in default order for all other hashes |
1204 | (sort keys %$hash) |
1205 | ]; |
1206 | } |
1207 | |
823edd99 |
1208 | =head1 BUGS |
1209 | |
1210 | Due to limitations of Perl subroutine call semantics, you cannot pass an |
1211 | array or hash. Prepend it with a C<\> to pass its reference instead. This |
8e5f9a6e |
1212 | will be remedied in time, now that Perl has subroutine prototypes. |
1213 | For now, you need to use the extended usage form, and prepend the |
823edd99 |
1214 | name with a C<*> to output it as a hash or array. |
1215 | |
1216 | C<Data::Dumper> cheats with CODE references. If a code reference is |
8e5f9a6e |
1217 | encountered in the structure being processed (and if you haven't set |
1218 | the C<Deparse> flag), an anonymous subroutine that |
823edd99 |
1219 | contains the string '"DUMMY"' will be inserted in its place, and a warning |
1220 | will be printed if C<Purity> is set. You can C<eval> the result, but bear |
1221 | in mind that the anonymous sub that gets created is just a placeholder. |
1222 | Someday, perl will have a switch to cache-on-demand the string |
1223 | representation of a compiled piece of code, I hope. If you have prior |
1224 | knowledge of all the code refs that your data structures are likely |
1225 | to have, you can use the C<Seen> method to pre-seed the internal reference |
00baac8f |
1226 | table and make the dumped output point to them, instead. See L</EXAMPLES> |
823edd99 |
1227 | above. |
1228 | |
8e5f9a6e |
1229 | The C<Useqq> and C<Deparse> flags makes Dump() run slower, since the |
1230 | XSUB implementation does not support them. |
823edd99 |
1231 | |
1232 | SCALAR objects have the weirdest looking C<bless> workaround. |
1233 | |
fec5e1eb |
1234 | Pure Perl version of C<Data::Dumper> escapes UTF-8 strings correctly |
1235 | only in Perl 5.8.0 and later. |
1236 | |
504f80c1 |
1237 | =head2 NOTE |
1238 | |
1239 | Starting from Perl 5.8.1 different runs of Perl will have different |
1240 | ordering of hash keys. The change was done for greater security, |
1241 | see L<perlsec/"Algorithmic Complexity Attacks">. This means that |
1242 | different runs of Perl will have different Data::Dumper outputs if |
1243 | the data contains hashes. If you need to have identical Data::Dumper |
1244 | outputs from different runs of Perl, use the environment variable |
1245 | PERL_HASH_SEED, see L<perlrun/PERL_HASH_SEED>. Using this restores |
1246 | the old (platform-specific) ordering: an even prettier solution might |
1247 | be to use the C<Sortkeys> filter of Data::Dumper. |
823edd99 |
1248 | |
1249 | =head1 AUTHOR |
1250 | |
6e238990 |
1251 | Gurusamy Sarathy gsar@activestate.com |
823edd99 |
1252 | |
1253 | Copyright (c) 1996-98 Gurusamy Sarathy. All rights reserved. |
1254 | This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or |
1255 | modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. |
1256 | |
823edd99 |
1257 | =head1 VERSION |
1258 | |
fec5e1eb |
1259 | Version 2.121 (Aug 24 2003) |
823edd99 |
1260 | |
1261 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
1262 | |
1263 | perl(1) |
1264 | |
1265 | =cut |